why mill's has describe experiment method is known as "the method of elimination? mention the principles or canons of elumination?
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Mill's Methods
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Mill's Methods are five methods of induction described by philosopher John Stuart Mill in his 1843 book A System of Logic.[1] They are intended to illuminate issues of causation.
Contents
1 The methods
1.1 Direct method of agreement
1.2 Method of difference
1.3 Joint method of agreement and difference
1.4 Method of residue
1.5 Method of concomitant variations
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
The methods
Direct method of agreement
If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon.
—rties which are absent when the effect is present cannot be necessary conditions for the effect. This method is also referred to more generally within comparative politics as the most different systems design. Symbolically, the method of agreement can be represented as:
ircumstance; the circumstance in which alone the two sets of instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or a necessary part of the cause, of the phenomenon.
— John Stuart Mill, Mill, John Stuart (1843). A System of Logic, Vol. 1. John W. Parker. p. 463.
Also called simply the "joint method, " this principle simply represents the application of the methods of agreement and difference.
Symbolically, the Joint method of agreement and difference can be represented as:
A B C occur together with x y z
A D E occur together with x v w also B C occur with y z
——————————————————
Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of x.
Method of residue
Subduct[2] from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents.
— John Stuart Mill, Mill, John Stuart (1843). A System of Logic, Vol. 1. John W. Parker. p. 465.
If a range of factors are believed to cause a range of phenomena, and we have matched all the factors, except one, with all the phenomena, except one, then the remaining phenomenon can be attributed to the remaining factor.
Symbolically, the Method of Residue can be represented as:
A B C occur together with x y z
B is known to be the cause of y
C is known to be the cause of z
——————————————————
Therefore A is the cause or effect of x.
Method of concomitant variations
Whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon, or is connected with it through some fact of causation.
— John Stuart Mill, Mill, John Stuart (1843). A System of Logic, Vol. 1. John W. Parker. p. 470.
If across a range of circumstances leading to a phenomenon, some property of the phenomenon varies in tandem with some factor existing in the circumstances, then the phenomenon can be associated with that factor. For instance, suppose that various samples of water, each containing both salt and lead, were found to be toxic. If the level of toxicity varied in tandem with the level of lead, one could attribute the toxicity to the presence of lead.
Symbolically, the method of concomitant variation can be represented as (with ± representing a shift):
A B C occur together with x y z
A± B C results in x± y z.
—————————————————————
Therefore A and x are causally connected
Unlike the preceding four inductive methods, the method of concomitant variation doesn't involve the elimination of any circumstance. Changing the magnitude of one factor results in the change in the magnitude of another factor.
See also
Controlled scientific experiments
Baconian method
Bayesian network
Koch's postulates
References
Churchill, Robert Paul (1990). Logic: An Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-312-02353-9. OCLC 21216829. In his book A System of Logic (1843), Mill proposed four methods for testing causal hypotheses: the method of agreement, the method of difference, the joint method of agreement and difference, and the method of concomitant variation.7 (footnote 7: Mill also proposed a fifth method, which he called the method of residues.)
"Subduct" is an archaic word meaning "take away" or "subtract".
Further reading
Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (2001). Introduction to Logic. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-033735-1.
D
Mill's methods for identifying causes—Provides some examples
Categories: CausalityInductive reasoningJohn Stuart Mill