Question

why muslims did not participate in civil disobedience movement?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Why did most of the Muslims not participate in Civil Disobedience Movement during freedom struggle of India?

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A lot of Muslims did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Since you have cited Bipin Chandra as a source in one of the comments, I would like to point out that in his book, he has only said that the participation of Muslims was not as high as it was in the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920–22.

Here’s an excerpt from his book:

“The participation of Muslims in the Civil Disobedience Movement was certainly nowhere near that in 1920-22. The appeals of communal leaders to stay away, combined with active Government encouragement of communal dissension to counter the forces of nationalism, had their effect. Still, the participation of Muslims was not insignificant, either. Their participation in the North-West Frontier Province was, as is well known, overwhelming. In Bengal, middle class Muslim participation was quite important in Senhatta, Tripura, Gaibandha, Bagura and Noakhali, and. in Dacca, Muslim students and shopkeepers as 276 | India’s Struggle For Independence well as people belonging to the lower classes extended support to the movement. Middle and upper class Muslim women were also active.’ The Muslim weaving community in Bihar and in Delhi and Lucknow the lower classes of Muslims were effectively mobilized as were many others in different parts of the country.”

Why did the Muslim participation declined?

Probably because of the rise of Muslim League and Two-Nation Theory.

In the early 1920s, Muslim League was mostly insignificant in Indian Politics, and people of all religion wanted one independent nation. However, it was only later with influential Muslim leaders like Mohammed Iqbal changing their stance, and demanding a separate nation for Muslims, that things turned really divisive*.

For example, here’s what Iqbal said during his Presidential address to the Muslim League:

“I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.”

This was in 1930, the same year as civil-disobedience Movement started. So, more and more Muslims started identifying with the cause of the Muslim League and Jinnah, i.e., a separate nation for Muslims, whether a British dominion or not. rather than fighting for an independent India. Also, there was no particular Muslim cause attached to the civil disobedience movement unlike the non-Cooperation movement that ran alongside Khilafat movement.

(* Some Historians do not agree that Iqbal wanted a separate nation, just that he wanted a Muslim majority state within an Indian federation).

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Answer 2

(1) Association of Congress with Hindu Mahasabha : After the decline of the Non­Cooperation – Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s, the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
(2) Communal Clashes : As relations between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu- Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
(3) Issue of demand for separate electorates: Some of the Muslim leaders demanded a separate electorate for the Muslims which was not supported by the Congress leaders.
(4) Status of Muslims in Hindu majority state : Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
(5) Issue of reserved seats in the Central Assembly : Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded reservation of seats for the Muslims in the Central Assembly but this was not acceptable to the Congress leaders. So Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.