Why must a carbon be a powder?
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2.4.1. Powdered activated carbon
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) can be added before coagulation, during chemical addition, or during the settling stage, prior to sand filtration. It is removed from the water during the coagulation process, in the former cases, and through filtration, in the latter. As the name implies, PAC is in particulate form, with a particle size typically between 10 and 100 μm in diameter. One of the advantages of PAC is that it can be applied for short periods, when problems arise, then ceased when it is no longer required. With problems that may arise only periodically such as algal toxins or tastes and odours, this can be a great cost advantage. A disadvantage with PAC is that presently it cannot be reused and is disposed to waste with the treatment sludge or backwash water.