why p-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-nitrophenol
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-meta nitrophenol is the weakest in terms of acidity. Now, in ortho nitrophenol, intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the adjacent hydroxyl and nitro groups significantly affects release of the proton. So, it is a weaker acid compared to para nitrophenol.
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In general, the acidic nature of a compound can be determined by the ease with which a H+ ion can be removed from it. The easier it is for an atom to lose H+, the more acidic it is.
In both o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol the acidic hydrogen is the hydrogen that is covalently bonded with an oxygen atom, together forming an (-OH) group which is attached to the benzene ring.
In o-nitrophenol,the acidic hydrogen is also involved in a hydrogen bond with oxygen atoms in the (-NO2) group, which is at the ortho position. Hence, it is more difficult to remove H+ from o-nitrophenol, compared to p-nitro phenol, in which there is no possibility of a hydrogen bond, since (-NO2) group is too far from (-OH) group i.e. at para position.
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