Why silting is a problem?
Answers
Explanation:
Too many rivers are being turned into channels, German scientists say. ... Siltation is the flow of silt and sediment into the river. The particles become suspended in the river and accumulate on the riverbed. Siltation causes problems for fish, mussels and other aquatic organisms.
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Answer:
The deposition or accumulation of silt that is suspended throughout a body of standing water or in some considerable portion of it; esp. the choking, filling, or covering with stream-deposited silt behind a dam or other place of retarded flow, or in a reservoir. The term often includes sedimentary particles ranging in size from colloidal clay to sand.
Siltation, or sans, is water pollution caused by particulate terrestrial clastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or clay. It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments and to the increased accumulation (temporary or permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are undesirable. Siltation is most often caused by soil erosion or sediment spill.
Sometimes siltation is called sediment pollution, but that is an undesirable term since it is ambiguous and also refer to a chemical contamination of sediments accumulated on the bottom or to pollutants bound to sediment particles. Siltation is the preferred term for being unambiguous although it is not entirely stringent since it also includes particle sizes other than silt.
Oxygen-filled cavities between gravel on the riverbed are essential for many microorganisms. Fish also used the cavities to lay their eggs. But these gaps are often filled up by sediment.
The latest research suggests this problem will persist -- even as erosion is reduced -- as long as rivers are confined and straightened. According to Auerswald, Moosach is no longer a river as much as it is a canal-like channel. The diagnosis holds true for rivers throughout Germany and the world, researchers say.
Causes
Siltation caused by fecal sludge collected from pit latrines and dumped into a river at the Korogocho slum in Nairobi, Kenya.
Siltation caused by raw sewage sludge and industrial waste in the New River as it passes from Mexicali to Calexico, California.
Siltation caused by sewage sludge from shipyard in Rio de Janeiro.
The origin of the increased sediment transport into an area may be erosion on land or activities in the water.
In rural areas, the erosion source is typically soil degradation by intensive or inadequate agricultural practices, leading to soil erosion, especially in fine-grained soils such as loess. The result will be an increased amount of silt and clay in the water bodies that drain the area. In urban areas, the erosion source is typically construction activities, which involve clearing the original land-covering vegetation and temporarily creating something akin to an urban desert from which fines are easily washed out during rainstorms.
In water, the main pollution source is sediment spill from dredging, the transportation of dredged material on barges, and the deposition of dredged material in or near water. Such deposition may be made to get rid of unwanted material, such as the offshore dumping of material dredged from harbours and navigation channels. The deposition may also be to build up the coastline, for artificial islands, or for beach replenishment.
Climate change also affect siltation rates.[1]
Another important cause of siltation is the septage and other sewage sludges that are discharged from households or business establishments with no septic tanks or wastewater treatment facilities to bodies of water.
Vulnerabilities
Silted river polluted by sediment.
While the sediment in transport is in suspension, it acts as a pollutant for those who require clean water, such as for cooling or in industrial processes, and it includes aquatic life that are sensitive to suspended material in the water. While nekton have been found to avoid spill plumes in the water (e.g. the environmental monitoring project during the building of the Øresund Bridge), filtering benthic organisms have no way of escape. Among the most sensitive organisms are coral polyps. Generally speaking, hard bottom communities and mussel banks (including oysters) are more sensitive to siltation than sand and mud bottoms. Unlike in the sea, in a stream the plume will cover the entire channel, except possibly for backwaters, and so fish will also be directly affected in most cases.
Siltation can also affect navigation channels, or irrigation channels. It refers to the undesired accumulation of sediments in channels intended for vessels or for distributing water.
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