why the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 10^5
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Answer:
As far as what happens when the pressure is greater or smaller, when it’s a little smaller you’re usually wet when you step outside, and when it’s a little greater you’re usually dry when it steps outside. Our weather exists because we happen to have a world with a common compound (water) that crosses back and forth across between vapor, liquid, and solid states thanks to our pressure and temperature.
Take it much higher and, well, within reason we can acclimate. Take it much lower and the same thing. Pressure in spacecraft is typically a third of pressure here on earth (although you then have to start playing with the composition of air by increasing oxygen). Take us too close to a vacuum and we die, and same thing if you really piled on the pressure (especially if you did it quickly).
Pressure is far from a static thing at any one locality.