why the risk of dignosing of cancer increase drmaticallywith age?
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Age, defined by completed units of time,1 is used in virtually all studies of cancer epidemiology and is one of the most studied risk factors for cancer. Cancer can be considered an age-related disease because the incidence of most cancers increases with age,2 rising more rapidly beginning in midlife. Age also can be considered a surrogate measure for the complex biological processes associated with aging. However, aging, the process of getting older, can be distinguished from age-associated diseases.3 Paradoxically, adults with the longest longevity are less likely to develop cancer.4–6 Thus, aging can be viewed as a natural process, not pathology, and old age does not necessarily lead to cancer.
Some of the same biologic mechanisms that regulate aging also may be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases such as cancer.3,7 If the environmental factors that influence these biologic mechanisms8 can be modified, the rate of aging may be slowed and the onset of cancer delayed or even prevented. The preventability of many cancers over a person’s life span is supported by a substantial body of scientific research.9 This article reviews the literature on different aspects of the association between age and cancer as well as potential opportunities during midlife to reduce the likelihood of developing cancer at older ages. It focuses on people aged 45–64 years, while recognizing that this age range is an arbitrary and imprecise measure of midlife. As described by Ory and colleagues elsewhere in this supplement, midlife represents a “watershed” period for cancer prevention.10
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