Why was Mohammad-bin Tughlaq and why was he cakled an imoractical rules
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Answer:
During the rule of Mohammad Tughlaq:
Muhammad bin Tughluq (also Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Ulugh Khan; died 20 March 1351) was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas -ud -Din -Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughluq dynasty. He was born in New Delhi.[citation needed] His wife was the daughter of the Raja of Dipalpur.[2] Ghiyas-ud-din sent the young Muhammad to the Deccan to campaign against king Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty whose capital was at Warangal in 1321 and 1323.[3] Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne upon his father's death in 1325. Muhammad was a monstrous, inhuman eccentric and a religious extremist[4]. He was known for bizarre character[4], he unleashed misrule with his wild policy swings[5]. He was interested in medicine and was skilled in several languages — Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit.[6] Ibn Battuta, the famous traveler and jurist from Morocco, was a guest at his court and wrote about his suzerainty in his book.[7] From his accession to the throne in 1325 until his death in 1351, Muhammad contended with 22 rebellions, pursuing his policies, consistently and ruthlessly.[citation needed]
Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq died in 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh while he was campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a turkish slave tribe. He had lived to see his empire fall apart.[citation needed] It was during his reign that Turkish empire of Delhi collapsed by twofold resistance. One was from Rajputs led by Hammir Singh of Mewar[17], and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South India. All these three warriors were able to inflict humiliating defeats on the Sultanate army and crush the empire. While Rana Hammir Singh liberated the strategic Rajputana following the victory in Battle of Singoli in 1336[18], Harihara and Bukka established a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire, by initially defeating and later ending Madurai Sultanate that was ruling a major part of South India on behalf of Delhi Sultanate, thereby reviving the prosperity of Sangam era in South India. Several other south Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the downfall of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi. To add to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of his generals would go on to form the Bahmani kingdom in the Deccan.[19]. Though Sultan dynasties that arose after Tughluq campaigned outside Delhi all ruled northern India stretching into modern day Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by his mints which lacked the artistic perfection of design and finish. In 1330, after his failed expedition to Deogiri, he issued token currency; that is coins of brass and copper were minted whose value was equal to that of gold and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to annex all the inhabited areas of the world for which a treasury was required to pay the army. Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury had been exhausted by his action of giving rewards and gifts in gold. This experiment failed, because, as said by Barani, "the house of every Hindu became a mint". During his time, most of the Hindu citizens were goldsmiths and hence they knew how to make coins. In the rural areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue in brass and copper coins and also used the same coins to purchase arms and horses.[20] As a result, the value of coins decreased and, as said by Satish Chandra, the coins became "as worthless as stones". This also disrupted the trade and commerce. The token currency had inscriptions marking the use of new coins instead of the royal seal and so the citizens could not distinguish between the official and the forged coins. Records show that the use of token currency has stopped in 1333 as Ibn Battuta who came to Delhi in 1334 and wrote a journal made no mention of this currency.[21].