Why we do not say bacteria colony multicellular when we study spongoes multicellular instead of having spongies also cellular organization
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Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (/pəˈrɪfərə/; meaning "pore bearer"), are a basal Metazoa (animal) clade as a sister of the Diploblasts.[3][4][5][6][7] They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. The branch of zoology that studies sponges is known as spongiology.Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. Sponges were first to branch off the evolutionary tree from the common ancestor of all animals, making them the sister group of all other animals.
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The phylum Porifera contains many beautifully colored sponge species that range in size from one centimeter (about the width of a pinky finger) to over one meter (about the arm span of a human) in diameter. An example of a sponge is shown in Figure below. Sponges arose roughly 500 million years ago, and there are currently over 5,000 different species. Adult sponges are sessile, meaning that they are not able to move from place to place. This characteristic makes sponges seem superficially plant-like, but sponges do not share other features of plants. In particular, sponges are not capable of photosynthesis.
The sponge species Aplysina aerophoba.[Figure2]
Sponges do not have organs or true tissues, however, they do have specialized cells that can carry out distinct functions within the organism. This is generally referred to as cellular-level organization. Cell specialization is one of the major advantages that multicellular animals, or metazoans, have over single-celled organisms. This is the first step in the evolution of tissue and organ systems, such as the muscular and nervous systems. These developments ultimately allow higher organisms to have complex interactions with their environments.
There are three classes within the phylum porifera: Calcerea, Desmospongia, and Hexactinellida. Sponges are divided into these classes based primarily on the composition of their spicules and skeletal fibers. Spicules are rod-shaped cellular projections that make up the skeleton of sponges. Sponges within the class Calcerea have skeletal spicules made up of calcium carbonate. Species within the class Hexactinellida are also referred to as glass sponges because their skeletons consist of spicules made of silica, the primary component of glass. The skeletons of the class Desmospongia are composed of spicules made up of silica and skeletal fibers made from spongin, a type of collagen protein. Desmospongia is the most abundant class of sponges alive today. More than 90% of all known sponge species are found within the class desmospongia. Because their skeletons are often composed primarily of spongin fibers that are less rigid than spicules, it is desmospongia species that have been used to make the cleaning sponges we commonly think of when we hear the word “sponge.” This will be discussed in greater detail in the Sponges: Ecology (Advanced) concept.
Sponges are filter-feeders that pump water in via their porous surface and through a system of internal canals where bacteria and nutrients can be trapped and digested.
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