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You may type your sentences directly below to answer each question.
1. Why were they fighting over the Holy Land? Why did Pope Urban II call for a military expedition to retake the Holy Land? (20 points)
2. Summarize the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Final Crusades. (20 points)
3. What did Richard and Saladin resolve to do? Why? (20 points)
4. What was the children’s crusade? (20 points)
Answers
Explanation:
1. By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Land – the area now commonly referred to as the Middle East – had become a point of conflict for European Christians. Since the 6th century, Christians frequently made pilgrimages to the birthplace of their religion, but when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred from the Holy City. When the Turks then threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Pope Urban for help. This was not the first appeal of its kind, but it came at an important time for Pope Urban. Wanting to reinforce the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks.
2. The Crusades (1095 - 1291) are a series of military expeditions made by western Christians seeking to free the Holy Land from Muslim domination.
They comprise a major chapter of medieval history. Extending over three centuries, they attracted every social class in central Europe, Kings and commoners, barons and bishops, knights and knaves, all participated in these expeditions to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean.
The motives of those who took up the cause of the Cross were mixed: some sought to enrich themselves, others were seeking adventure, many were moved by faith alone.
The crusaders derived their name from the Latin word for ‘cross’ - crux. A crusader went to the Holy Land with a cross of cloth sewn on the breast of his garment; when and if he returned, he had a similar cross stitched on its back.
Legend and literature have surrounded the Crusades with an aura of romance and grandeur, of chivalry and courage which is only remotely related to reality.
The Christians did not permanently free the Holy Land. Indeed, rather than driving the Muslims out of Palestine, the Crusades resulted in making them its indisputable masters. In this, their major mission, the crusaders were resoundingly defeated. Thus, purely from a military standpoint, the cause of the Cross must rank with the great lost causes of history.
The Crusades were started by the popes, who were considered the nominal leaders of all such undertakings.
The popes and other promoters of the movement promised spiritual and temporal rewards to all who risked their lives for a holy cause.
The soldiers of Christ believed they were fighting for a just and noble cause.
3. Salāh al-Dīn wanted to eradicate the last of the Frankish Kingdoms; Richard I and the other Frankish leaders had wanted to take back Jerusalem, and expand their reach to Damascus and Egypt. Neither side achieved their aims.
4. The Children's Crusade was a failed popular crusade by European Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims, said to have taken place in 1212. The crusaders left areas of Northern France, led by Stephen of Cloyes, and Germany, led by Nicholas.
Answer:
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