Question

With help of the following diagram of human respiratory system make a flowchart to show the path of air in the respiratory system.

Answer 1

Answer:

• Features of the Human Respiratory System
• The respiratory system in humans has the following important features.
• The energy is generated by the breakdown of glucose molecules in all living cells of the human body.
• Oxygen is inhaled and is transported to various parts and are used in the process of burning food particles (breaking down of glucose molecules) at the cellular level in a series of chemical reactions.
• The obtained glucose molecules are used for discharging energy in the form of ATP- adenosine triphosphate molecules by the human body to fulfil essential life processes.
• Nose
• The nose possesses a couple of exterior nostrils which are divided by a framework of cartilaginous structure termed as the septum. This is the structure that evenly separates the right nostril from the left nostril. Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of nostrils acts as the body’s first line of defence against foreign pathogens. Furthermore, they provide additional humidity for inhaled air.
• Larynx
• Two cartilaginous chords lay the framework for the larynx. They are situated at the point of joining the pharynx and trachea. It is also termed as Adam’s apple or the voice box. It is the portion which rises and falls during swallowing of food particles. It generates sound as air passes through the hollow in the middle.
• Pharynx
• The nasal chambers open up into a wide hollow space termed as the pharynx. It is a common path for both air and food. It functions by preventing the entry of food particles into the windpipe. The epiglottis is elastic cartilage which serves as a switch between the larynx and the oesophagus by allowing the passage of air into the airway to the lungs, and food into the gastrointestinal tract.
• Talking while we eat or swallow results in incessant coughing. The reason behind this reaction is the epiglottis. It is forced to open for the air to exit outwards and the food to enter into the windpipe, triggering a cough.
• Trachea
• The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls of trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and maintain it by completely expanding. The trachea extends further down into the breastbone and splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.
• Bronchi
• The trachea splits into two tubes termed as bronchi, which enter each lung individually. The bronchi are divided into secondary, tertiary, and to bronchioles which is again further divided into small air-sacs called the alveoli. The alveoli are minute sacs of air with thin walls, and single-celled manner. It enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from the bloodstream.
• Lungs
• Lungs are the chief centres of the respiration in humans and other vertebrates. They are located in the thoracic cavity of the chest near the backbone and on either side of the heart. They are the pair of large, spongy organs mainly involved in the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. Compared to the left lung, the right lung is quite bigger and heavier.
• Respiratory Tract
• The respiratory tract in humans is made up of the following parts:
• External nostrils – For the intake of air.
• Nasal chamber – which is lined with hair and mucus to filter the air and remove dust and dirt.
• Pharynx – It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the common passageway for both air and food.
• Larynx – Also known as the soundbox as it helps in the generation of sound and thus helps us in communicating.
• Epiglottis – It is a flap-like structure that covers the glottis and prevents the entry of food into the windpipe.
• Trachea – It is a long tube passing through the mid-thoracic cavity.
• Bronchi – The trachea divides into left and right bronchi.
• Bronchioles – Each bronchus is further  divided into finer channels known as bronchioles
• Alveoli – The bronchioles end up into the balloon-like structures known as the alveoli
• Lungs – We have a pair of lungs, which are sac-like structures and covered by a double-layered membrane known as pleura.
• The air that we inhale has the following composition:
• Nitrogen – 78%
• Oxygen – 21%
• Carbon dioxide – 0.03 – 0.04%
• Traces of Hydrogen and Noble gases
• From the above list, the air contains more oxygen than carbon dioxide. The air is inhaled with the help of nostrils, and in the nasal cavity, the air is cleansed by the fine hair follicles present within them. The cavity also has a collective group of blood vessels that keep the air warm. This air then passes to the pharynx, then to the larynx and into the trachea.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Features of the Human Respiratory System

The respiratory system in humans has the following important features.

The energy is generated by the breakdown of glucose molecules in all living cells of the human body.

Oxygen is inhaled and transported to various parts and is used in the process of burning food particles (breaking down of glucose molecules) at the cellular level in a series of chemical reactions.

The obtained glucose molecules are used for discharging energy in the form of ATP- adenosine triphosphate molecules by the human body to fulfill essential life processes.

Nose

The nose possesses a couple of exterior nostrils which are divided by a framework of cartilaginous structure termed the septum. This is the structure that evenly separates the right nostril from the left nostril. Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of nostrils act as the body’s first line of defense against foreign pathogens. Furthermore, they provide additional humidity for inhaled air.

Larynx

Two cartilaginous chords lay the framework for the larynx. They are situated at the point of joining the pharynx and trachea. It is also termed Adam’s apple or the voice box. It is the portion that rises and falls during the swallowing of food particles. It generates sound as air passes through the hollow in the middle.

Pharynx

The nasal chambers open up into a wide hollow space termed as the pharynx. It is a common path for both air and food. It functions by preventing the entry of food particles into the windpipe. The epiglottis is elastic cartilage that serves as a switch between the larynx and the esophagus by allowing the passage of air into the airway to the lungs, and food into the gastrointestinal tract.

Talking while we eat or swallow results in incessant coughing. The reason behind this reaction is the epiglottis. It is forced to open for the air to exit outwards and the food to enter into the windpipe, triggering a cough.

Trachea

The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and maintain it by completely expanding. The trachea extends further down into the breastbone and splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.

Bronchi

The trachea splits into two tubes termed bronchi, which enter each lung individually. The bronchi are divided into secondary, tertiary, and bronchioles which are again further divided into small air-sacs called the alveoli. The alveoli are minute sacs of air with thin walls, and single-celled manner. It enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from the bloodstream.

Lungs

Lungs are the chief centers of respiration in humans and other vertebrates. They are located in the thoracic cavity of the chest near the backbone and on either side of the heart. They are a pair of large, spongy organs mainly involved in the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. Compared to the left lung, the right lung is quite bigger and heavier.

Respiratory Tract

The respiratory tract in humans is made up of the following parts:

External nostrils – For the intake of air.

Nasal chamber – which is lined with hair and mucus to filter the air and remove dust and dirt.

Pharynx – It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the common passageway for both air and food.

Larynx – Also known as the soundbox as it helps in the generation of sound and thus helps us in communicating.

Epiglottis – It is a flap-like structure that covers the glottis and prevents the entry of food into the windpipe.

Trachea – It is a long tube passing through the mid-thoracic cavity.

Bronchi – The trachea divides into left and right bronchi.

Bronchioles – Each bronchus is further  divided into finer channels known as bronchioles

Alveoli – The bronchioles end up in the balloon-like structures known as the alveoli

Lungs – We have a pair of lungs, which are sac-like structures and covered by a double-layered membrane known as pleura.

The air that we inhale has the following composition:

Nitrogen – 78%

Oxygen – 21%

Carbon dioxide – 0.03 – 0.04%

Traces of Hydrogen and Noble gases

From the above list, the air contains more oxygen than carbon dioxide. The air is inhaled with the help of the nostrils, and in the nasal cavity, the air is cleansed by the fine hair follicles present within them. The cavity also has a collective group of blood vessels that keep the air warm. This air then passes to the pharynx, then to the larynx, and into the trachea.

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