Question

With respect to hypochlorite, Chlorate, and perchlorate ions, choose the correct statement
A) The hypochlorite ion is the strongest conjugate base
B) The molecular shape of only chlorate ion is influenced by the Ione pair of electrons of CI
C) The hypochlorite and chlorate Ions disproportionate to give rise to identical set of ions.
D) The hypochlorite ions oxidizes the sulfite ion. ​

Answer 1

Answer:

hi

Explanation:

i

CHLORATE FORMATION IN ON-SITE HYPOCHLORITE GENERATION

FACILITIES: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, PH, AND STORAGE TIMES

Chemistry

Missouri State University, August 2017

Master of Science

Lukas Simon Kriem

ABSTRACT

Drinking water is one of the fundamental pillars of modern society, and it is crucial that

pathogen-free drinking water be provided to communities. Currently, one third of all drinking

water in the U.S. is being disinfected using hypochlorite and the number is rising. However,

use of hypochlorite is facing the issue of a hypochlorite byproduct, chlorate ion, which at high

concentrations is considered a health risk to humans. During and after its electrolytic generation

process, hypochlorite may go through a disproportionation reaction to form chlorate and

chloride, a process which is thermodynamically favored. Even though chlorate in drinking

water is not regulated yet, the EPA is in the process of regulating chlorate concentrations in the

near future. Therefore, it is important to track current concentrations and put mechanisms in

place to efficiently reduce chlorate concentrations in generated hypochlorite solutions as well as

in drinking water. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of three different

parameters in the generation process: pH, temperature and storage time, and also to assess the

influence of pH and temperature adjustments during the generation process. Additionally, this

research should provide general guidelines on how to reduce chlorate concentrations in on-site

generation processes. In all cases, chlorate was observed to increase with time, but increases

were less pronounced when storage temperature was decreased and when storage pH was

increased. Effects of adjusting pH and temperature during the generation process were not

clearly determined in the experimental work.

KEYWORDS: chlorate, chlorate formation, on-site hypochlorite generation,

hypochlorite decomposition, electrochemistry, environmental chemistry

This abstract is approved as to form and content

_______________________________

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Answer 2

Hypochlorite ion = ClO¯

chlorate ion = ClO₃¯

perchlorate ion = ClO₄¯

conjugate base is given by removing of H⁺ from acidic compound.

The weakest acid forms the strongest conjugate base.

so, we have to check which acid is the weakest among them.

here acidic order is HClO < HClO₃ < HClO₄

therefore conjugate base order is ClO¯ > ClO₃¯ > ClO₄¯

so option (A) is correct choice.

hypochlorite ion : linear shape [ bond pairs = 1, lone pairs = 3 ]

chlorate ion : trigonal bipyramidal shape [ bond pairs = 3, lone pairs = (7 + 18 + 1 - 8 × 3)/2 = 1 ]

perchlorate ion : tetrahedral shape [ bond pairs = 4 , lone pairs = (7 + 24 + 1 - 32)/2 = 0 ]

in chlorate ion bond angle changes due to presence of lone pair on chlorine atom. while hypochlorite ion is linear and perchlorate ion is tetrahedral and there is no effect of lone pair on them..

so, option (B) is correct choice.

disproportionation reaction :

hypochlorite ion : 3ClO¯ ⇒2Cl¯ + ClO₃¯

chlorate ion : 4ClO₃¯ ⇒3ClO₄¯ + Cl¯

so, option (C) is also correct choice.

ClO¯ + SO₃²¯ ⇒SO₄²¯ + Cl¯, so hypochlorite ion doesn't oxidize the sulfite ion. so option (D) is incorrect.