With the help of example describe the method of science
Answers
Answer:
Ans)There are various physical and mental operations that make up the method of science
Observations
Observations are our everyday experiences arising from what we see, hear, touch, hear, taste and smell, form a part of common knowledge. For example, we observe that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west; a ball when thrown up, comes down. A farmer usually separates the good seeds from the bad ones by putting all of them in water.This is based on the observation that the good seeds sink and the bad ones float.
In science, we go beyond just the common observation and experience and try to understand how a phenomenon occurs and why it occurs. Therefore, a scientist has to be clear about 'what' to observe and how to observe it. In science, subjective response must be subordinated to fact. It is in these respects that a scientist differs from an artist or a lay person.
Scientific observations may be about natural events. For example rainfall may be measured for each month for many years, to determine its pattern in a given place. All these observations are carried out systematically, through carefully designed experiments or surveys, in order to explain natural or social phenomena.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement,put forward on the basis of reasoning, about the things that are being studied.It is an attempt to answer the questions that are posed. A hypothesis is formulated by taking into account all the observations that are known about the phenomenon under investigation. It tries to explain the known or predict the unknown but possible features of the phenomenon.We may describe the hypothesis as an inspired guests, based on reason and experience.We may use inductive and deductive logic to frame a hypothesis.
Inductive Logic
If we have direct evidence about only a part of the phenomenon, or some objects or situations and if on that basis we infer about the properties, behavior and other features of the whole phenomenon, or the entire group of objects and situations then we are using inductive logic.For example, if we know that the population of a country has doubled in a given period of time, we may use induction to hypothesis that it will double in a given period of time. The conclusion is a big jump in thinking and it is a sweeping general based on induction.Inductive logic can mislead also: for example to infer that all roses are red,if you see only red roses in a garden is illogical.
Deductive logic
Deductive logic maybe considered as the opposite of induction. Here the reasoning is more direct. If we know the statement about the whole class of objects, phenomena or situations then we can logically deduce the same statement about one particular object, phenomenon or situation belonging to that class. Examples of deduction are: roses can be of any color, hence some roses can be red. All birds have wings; therefore; a sparrow which is a bird will have wings. Deductive logic is extensively useful in chemistry. For example a group of chemical salts exhibit some properties or behavior we can safely say that a group of salts belonging to this group will exhibit the same behavior.these facts would have to be established before such deductions can be accepted.
Experiments
Experiment is an essential feature of modern science. Experiments are artificially creates or contrived situations designed to make certain observations under strictly controlled conditions. The objective sometimes is to mimic nature.This allows the complexity of natural phenomena to be simplified step by step for study.For example, many of us might have used a bicycle tube.By pressing the piston the volume decreases, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing the air into the Tyre.Similarly if we fill a balloon partially with air and leave it in sunlight, the inside becomes warm and expands, thus inflating the balloon. These instances show that the volume of a gas depends upon its both pressure and temperature.If now we want to determine exactly how much change in volume is with a certain rise or fall in pressure or temperature, we will have to conduct an experiment in two steps.In the first step we can keep the temperature constant and observe the changes in volume with pressure. In the second step we will have to keep the gas at constant pressure and record the change in its volume with changing temperature.These experiments were carried out by Robert Boyle and J.AC. Charles.They derived precise mathematical relationships for the change of volume with pressure and temperature, respectively. These experiments are known after them called Boyle's law and Charles' law.