working of institutions pls summary of this chapter urgent
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Major Policy Decision
Government of India appointed a Commission in 1979, headed by B.P. Mandal, called Second Backward Commission.
Commission gave a report in 1980. One of the suggestions was to reserve 27 percent of government jobs for Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC).
This issue was discussed this for many years.
Janata Dal won elections in 1989. V.P. Singh, the Prime Minister, decided to implement reservations.
The President announced it in his address to the Parliament.
On 6 August 1990, the Cabinet decided to implement and the Prime Minister announced it in both Houses of Parliament.
The senior officers drafted an order, signed by an officer and it became the Memorandum issued on 13 August 1990.
There was a heated debate on the issue and it was finally taken to the Supreme Court. The case was known as “Indira Sawhney and others vs Union of India case.”
In 1992 Supreme Court declared the Mandal order as valid but asked for some modifications.
Need for Political Institutions
A government has to perform various duties, formulate policies and implement them.
Some have to formulate schemes, some have to take decisions, some have to implement the decisions.
Hence the need for institutions to do all the above.
The Constitution of a country lays down basic rules on powers and functions of each institution.
The prime minister and the cabinet take all policy decisions.
The civil servants take the steps to implement ministers decisions.
Supreme court solves disputes between citizen and government.
The institutions are the Legislative (Parliament), the Executive (the Government) and the Judiciarv
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