working of placenta, and it's attachments
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Maternal age. Some placental problems are more common in older women, especially after age 40.
A break in your water before labor. During pregnancy, your baby is surrounded and cushioned by a fluid-filled membrane called the amniotic sac. If the sac leaks or breaks before labor begins, also called your water breaking, the risk of certain placental problems increases.
High blood pressure. High blood pressure can affect your placenta.
Twin or other multiple pregnancy. If you're pregnant with more than one baby, you might be at increased risk of certain placental problems.
Blood-clotting disorders. Any condition that either impairs your blood's ability to clot or increases its likelihood of clotting increases the risk of certain placental problems.
Previous uterine surgery. If you've had a previous surgery on your uterus, such as a C-section or surgery to remove fibroids, you're at increased risk of certain placental problems.
Previous placental problems. If you've had a placental problem during a previous pregnancy, you might have a higher risk of experiencing it again.
Substance use. Certain placental problems are more common in women who smoke or use cocaine during pregnancy.
Abdominal trauma. Trauma to your abdomen — such as from a fall, auto accident or other type of blow — increases the risk of the placenta prematurely separating from the uterus (placenta abruption).
Placental abruption
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Placental abruption
What are the most common placental problems?
Placement of placenta in placenta previa
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Placenta previa
During pregnancy, possible placental problems include placental abruption, placenta previa and placenta accreta. These conditions can cause potentially heavy vaginal bleeding. After delivery, retained placenta is sometimes a concern. Here's what you need to know about these conditions:
Placental abruption. If the placenta peels away from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery — either partially or completely — a condition known as placental abruption develops. This can deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients and cause you to bleed heavily. Placenta abruption could result in an emergency situation requiring early delivery.
Placenta previa. This condition occurs when the placenta partially or totally covers the cervix — the outlet for the uterus. Placenta previa is more common early in pregnancy and might resolve as the uterus grows.
Placenta previa can cause severe vaginal bleeding during pregnancy or delivery. The management of this condition depends on the amount of bleeding, whether the bleeding stops, how far along your pregnancy is, the position of the placenta, and your and your baby's health. If placenta previa persists late in the third trimester, your health care provider will recommend a C-section.
Placenta accreta. Typically, the placenta detaches from the uterine wall after childbirth. With placenta accreta, part or all of the placenta remains firmly attached to the uterus. This condition occurs when the blood vessels and other parts of the placenta grow too deeply into the uterine wall. This can cause severe blood loss during delivery.
In aggressive cases, the placenta invades the muscles of the uterus or grows through the uterine wall. Your health care provider will likely recommend a C-section followed by removal of your uterus.
Retained placenta. If the placenta isn't delivered within 30 minutes after childbirth, it's known as a retained placenta. A retained placenta might occur because the placenta becomes trapped behind a partially closed cervix or because the placenta is still attached to the uterine wall. Left untreated, a retained placenta can cause severe infection or life-threatening blood loss.
What are signs or symptoms of placental problems?
Consult your health care provider during pregnancy if you have:
Vaginal bleeding
Abdominal pain
Back pain
Uterine contractions
What can I do to reduce my risk of placental problems?
Most placental problems can't be directly prevented. However, you can take steps to promote a healthy pregnancy:
Visit your health care provider regularly throughout your pregnancy.
Work with your health care provider to manage any health conditions, such as high blood pressure.
Don't smoke or use drugs.
Talk with your doctor about the potential risks before deciding to pursue an elective C-section.
If you've had a placental problem during a previous pregnancy and are planning another pregnancy, talk to your health care provider about ways to reduce the risk of experiencing the condition again. Also tell your health care provider if you've had surgery on your uterus in the past. Expect your health care provider to monitor your condition closely throughout the pregnancy.
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