write 1000 words about components of computer
Answers
A digital computer (see also analog computer) typically consists of a control unit, an arithmetic-logic unit, a memory unit, and input/output units, as illustrated in the figure. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logic operations—such as OR and AND. The main computer memory, usually high-speed random-access memory (RAM), stores instructions and data. The control unit fetches data and instructions from memory and effects the operations of the ALU. The control unit and ALU usually are referred to as a processor, or central processing unit (CPU). The operational speed of the CPU primarily determines the speed of the computer as a whole. The basic operation of the CPU is analogous to a computation carried out by a person using an arithmetic calculator, as illustrated in the figure. The control unit corresponds to the human brain and the memory to a notebook that stores the program, initial data, and intermediate and final computational results. In the case of an electronic computer, the CPU and fast memories are realized with transistor circuits.
I/O units, or devices, are commonly referred to as computer peripherals and consist of input units (such as keyboards and optical scanners) for feeding instructions and data into the computer and output units (such as printers and monitors) for displaying results.
In addition to RAM, a computer usually contains some slower, but larger and permanent, secondary memory storage. Almost all computers contain a magnetic storage device known as a hard disk, as well as a disk drive to read from or write to removable magnetic media known as floppy disks. Various optical and magnetic-optical hybrid removable storage media are also quite common, such as CD-ROMs (compact disc read-only memory) and DVD-ROMs (digital video [or versatile] disc read-only memory).
Computers also often contain a cache—a small, extremely fast (compared to RAM) memory unit that can be used to store information that will be urgently or frequently needed. Current research includes cache design and algorithms that can predict what data is likely to be needed next and preload it into the cache for improved performance.
Basic computer operation
The operation of such a computer, once a program and some data have been loaded into RAM, is as follows. The first instruction is transferred from RAM into the control unit and interpreted by the hardware circuitry. For instance, suppose that the instruction is a string of bits that is the code for LOAD 10. This instruction loads the contents of memory location 10 into the ALU. The next instruction, say ADD 15, is fetched. The control unit then loads the contents of memory location 15 into the ALU and adds it to the number already there. Finally, the instruction STORE 20 would store the sum in location 20. At this level the operation of a computer is not much different from that of a pocket calculator. In general, of course, programs are not just lengthy sequences of LOAD, STORE, and arithmetic operations. Most importantly, computer languages include conditional instructions, essentially rules that say, “If memory location n satisfies condition a, do instruction number x next, otherwise do instruction y.” This allows the course of a program to be determined by the results of previous operations—a critically important ability.
Logic design and integrated circuits
Logic design is the area of computer science that deals with the design of electronic circuits to carry out the operations of the control unit, the ALU, the I/O controllers, and more. For example, the addition circuit of the ALU has inputs corresponding to all the bits of the two numbers to be added and outputs corresponding to the bits of the sum. The arrangement of wires and transistors that link inputs to outputs is determined by logic-design principles. The design of the control unit provides the circuits that interpret instructions and control subsequent behaviour. Clearly, it is critical that this circuitry be as efficient as possible; logic design deals with optimizing the circuitry, not just putting together something that will work. Boolean algebra is the mathematical tool used for logic design.
logic circuit
logic circuit
Different combinations of logic circuits.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
An important area related to architecture is the design of computer chips, or microprocessors, a type of integrated circuit. A microprocessor is a complete CPU—control unit, ALU, and possibly some memory (especially cache)—on a single integrated circuit chip. Additional memory and I/O control circuitry are linked to this chip to form a complete computer. These thumbnail-sized devices contain thousands or millions of transistors, together with wiring, to form the processing and memory units of modern computers.
Components of Computer:
There are 5 basis components of computer, which helps computer system to run properly without any interruption. A computer system is designed in such a way that, every byte of information inputted should be processed properly, Such that user should get the required output. A computer system data transferring is very fast and efficient, so it takes a time less than a second to process and show the output.
Types of computer:
i) Micro computer
ii) Macro computer
iii) Mini computer
iv) Mainframe computer
v) Supercomputer
5 Basics components of computer:
i) Input Unit
Data and instructions should be first enter in the computer system to get the task done. Without entering any input in the computer system, computer cannot do any task and any function.
Eg: If we move our "mouse" from one position to other, then the data in the form of input is sent to the computer unit and processor. Processor processes the information and gives us the result. To know, where we are browsing, there is inbuilt function of mouse, this helps users to know where the mouse cursor is.
Suppose you click on start menu in computer using your mouse, then the information in the form of binary code is sent to the processor. Processor gives the output on the monitor. And, hence we can see our start menu.
- Input units reads the data provided from external environment.
- This data in the form of binary code is sent to the computer unit.
- Computer unit processes the information and provides the necessary output to the user.
ii) Output unit
The output unit is reverse of the input unit. When the processor sends the output to the output unit. Then the output unit converts the information provided by computer system from binary language to humans language. In this process, data is sent in external environment like monitor and sound.
Eg: When input units send the request of opening any webpage to computer system, computer system loads the webpage in memory and it is later provided to output unit. And hence, output unit like monitor can provide us the webpage interface.
- It accepts the information provided by computer system in binary codes.
- But, we humans can't understand that language, So, Output unit converts the information from binary language to Humans language.
- Output unit includes Monitor, Sound system etc.
iii) Storage unit
When the data and instructions are entered in the computer system using input system, the computer stores that data before processing it and giving it to processor. When the computer processes our data and instructions, then it provides this data to the output unit. But, the provided data is also stored in somewhere in the computer system; To perform this all works and functions, Storage unit of a computer system has been designed.
- Storing the data and information in memory provided to output unit as a history.
- Processing the files required to output unit while using programs, applications and games from storage devices.
iv) Central processing unit (CPU)
CPU is the most important component of the computer system. It controls the all internal and external devices and their functions. Parts like motherboard, ram, storage device, processors are present in this CPU. CPU performs all the Arithmetic and Logical operations of computer. In short, The control Unit and the Arithmetic and Logic unit of a computer system joined together is called as "Central Processing Unit".
- Arithmetic logical unit and Logical unit are the important components of this system.
- Architecture of computer is designed in this CPU, such that, only supported devices can perform the operations. Like CPU designed by IBM cannot be used to run Mac OS.
v) Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU)
All calculations, comparisons, processing and tasks are done in ALU. It consists of circuits in which arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication etc are performed. While processing the data, ALU receives the data from the temporary storage. In temporary storage, their is a function called as "register". This register is very high speed memory which controls all the functions and provides the data to the ALU.
- ALU is an important component of CPU.
- ALU receives the data for processing from the temporary storage from the files called as "registers".
- All processing and computations are done by the ALU.
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