write a article or diary entry on the above picture
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1. Introduction
Transport related environmental pollution has many faces, but two of them are especially onerous: emission of harmful compounds of exhaust gases and vibroacoustic effects with particular significance of noise. Effective counteracting to these nuisances requires tools supporting decision making in designing sustainable transport systems, especially in the area of predicting and managing traffic flows.
The assessment of environmental efficiency of transport system in terms of pollution and noise should take into account external costs of preventing and eliminating harmful effects of transport activities. In general, the efficiency of transport system is a mix of two elements: effective realization of its main objectives and the costs of counteracting negative effects of its operations. The level of objectives implementation can be described as the effects of the system, while the inputs correspond to the resources involved to achieve the objectives – including reduction of the negative impact of transport on the environment [1, 2].
Unwanted effects of transport operation are environment and health degradation. For example, community noise, including traffic noise, is already recognized as a serious public health problem by the World Health Organization. Most important in this context is the road transport sector, due to the fact that it is responsible for the majority of external costs of transport in total [3]. Over 210 million people in EU is exposed to harmful traffic noise which has a variety of adverse impacts on human health. Noise-induced health effects include: disturbance on sleep, activities, performance and concentration, annoyance and stress, biological risk factors, cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric disorders [4]. It also influences natural environment by scaring and disorientating animals and birds and interrupting natural biological processes. Noise reduction, as well as exhaust emission reduction, is one of the fundamental trends toward cleaner, safer and more user-friendly transport in Europe.
Detrimental effects of transport on the environment and health entails significant indirect costs (arising in the design, manufacture, consumption and utilization of transport means and infrastructure) and direct costs (accidents, noise, vibration). Although effects of this impact are difficult to estimate, but it must be done for proper decision making in traffic management and according to law requirements. The inclusion of costs of negative influence of transport (internalisation), especially in road mode, is postulated as a factor in the development of transport systems in conformity with environmental and health aspects.
Instruments of internalization of transport external costs are presented in Table 1. The instruments can be considered from the point of view of inter-branch interaction and branch transport policy. The best example of an intergovernmental policy instrument is the fuel (energy) tax. This fee is a particularly effective tool in counteracting environmental degradation and improving energy efficiency, and indirectly contributes to reducing other consequences such as noise, accidents, air pollution.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors feature a layer of liquid held between two pieces of polarized glass. ... LCD monitors are usually backlit by fluorescent lamps. Light Emitting Diode (LED) monitors also feature a liquid crystal display, but the backlighting is produced by LEDs, not fluorescent lamps.