Write a article. The government is proposing to build a new highway passing close to the place where you live . The local newspaper has invited people to express their views . Write a article between 150-200 words.
Answers
Answer:
Road engineering
Since the beginning of the 20th century, as the automobile and truck have offered ever higher levels of mobility, vehicle ownership per head of population has increased. Road needs have been strongly influenced by this popularity and also by the mass movement of people to cities and thence to suburban fringes—a trend that has led to increasing travel needs and road congestion and to low-density cities, which are difficult to service by public transport. Often the building of new roads to alleviate such problems has encouraged further urban sprawl and yet more road travel. Long-term solutions require the provision of alternatives to car and truck transport, controls over land use, and the proper pricing of road travel. To this end, road managers must be concerned not merely with lines on maps but also with the number, type, speed, and loading of individual vehicles, the safety, comfort, and convenience of the traveling public, and the health and welfare of bystanders and adjoining property owners.
Ideally, the development of a major road system is an orderly, continuous process. The process follows several steps: assessing road needs and transport options; planning a system to meet those needs; designing an economically, socially, and environmentally acceptable set of roads; obtaining the required approval and financing; building, operating, and maintaining the system; and providing for future extensions and reconstruction.
Planning
Road needs are closely associated with the relative location of centres of population, commerce, industry, and transportation. Traffic between two centres is approximately proportional to their populations and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Estimating traffic on a route thus requires a prediction of future population growth and economic activity, an estimation of their effects on land use and travel needs, and a knowledge of any potential transport alternatives. The key variables defining road needs are the traffic volumes, tonnages, and speeds to be expected throughout the road’s life.
Once the traffic demand has been estimated, it is necessary to predict the extent of the road works needed to handle that traffic. A starting point in these calculations is offered by surveys of the origins, destinations, and route choices of present traffic; computer models are then used to estimate future traffic volumes on each proposed route. Estimates of route choice are based on the understanding that most drivers select their estimate of the quickest, shortest, or cheapest route. Consideration in planning is also given to the effect of new traffic on existing streets, roads, and parking provisions.
Where feasible, the next step in planning a road system is to refine the selected route to a narrow corridor. The various alignment options are drawn, considering the local terrain and conditions. The economic, social, and environmental benefits and costs of these options are discussed with relevant official and community groups until an acceptable specific route is determined.
Road safety can also be built into the road. Divided roads are many times safer than two-way roads. Crash severity can be reduced by the use of “soft” signs and light poles and by guardrails and impact attenuators in front of fixed roadside objects such as bridge piers and the noses at the exit ramps of a freeway. Better road surfaces, alignments, signing, and marking improve driving conditions and increase road safety.
Nevertheless, about 90 percent of crashes are primarily due to human error. Many crashes have been attributed to simple inattention or failure to see warnings. Alcohol, fatigue, inexperience, aggression, and excessive risk taking are the most common crash causes involving behavioral changes in drivers. Lack of driving skills is rarely an issue; most drivers do not need training as much as they need education and experience. Meanwhile, road engineers must design road systems that attempt to reduce the frequency and impact of human error.
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