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This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
"Bharat" redirects here. For other uses, see Bharat (disambiguation).
India (Hindi: Bhārat), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[23] is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by land area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
(see other local names)
Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
Flag
Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते".
State emblem
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana"[2][3]
"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[4][2]
National song
"Vande Mataram" (Sanskrit)
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][2]
Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;
regions claimed but not controlled shown in light green
Capital
New Delhi
28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E
Largest city
Mumbai (city proper)
Delhi (metropolitan area)
Official languages
HindiEnglish[b][7]
Recognised national languages
None[8][9][10]
Recognised regional languages
State level and
Eighth Schedule[11]
AssameseBengaliBodoDogriGujaratiHindiKannadaKashmiriKokborokKonkaniMaithiliMalayalamManipuriMarathiMizoNepaliOdiaPunjabiSanskritSantaliSindhiTamilTeluguUrdu
Native languages
447 languages[c]
Religion (2011)
79.8% Hinduism
14.2% Islam
2.3% Christianity
1.7% Sikhism
0.7% Buddhism
0.4% Jainism
0.23% Unaffiliated
0.65% others[14]
See Religion in India
Demonym(s)
Indian
Membership
UN, WTO, BRICS, SAARC, SCO, G4 nations, Group of Five, G8+5, G20, Commonwealth of Nations
Government
Federal parliamentary constitutional republic
• President
Ram Nath Kovind
• Vice President
Venkaiah Naidu
• Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
• Chief Justice
Sharad Arvind Bobde
• Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Om Birla
• Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Harivansh Narayan Singh
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Rajya Sabha
• Lower house
Lok Sabha
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Dominion
15 August 1947
• Republic
26 January 1950
Area
• Total
3,287,263[2] km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)[d] (7th)
• Water (%)
9.6
Population
• 2018 estimate
Increase1,352,642,280[15][16] (2nd)
• 2011 census
1,210,854,977[17][18] (2nd)
• Density
407.8/km2 (1,056.2/sq mi) (19th)
GDP (PPP)
2020 estimate
• Total
Increase $12.363 trillion[19] (3rd)
• Per capita
Increase $9,027[19] (118th)
GDP (nominal)
2020 estimate
• Total
Increase $3.202 trillion[19] (5th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,338[19] (139th)
Gini (2013)
33.9[20]
medium · 79th
HDI (2018)
Increase 0.647[21]
medium · 129th
Currency
Indian rupee (₹) (INR)
Time zone
UTC+05:30 (IST)
DST is not observed
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy[e]
Mains electricity
230 V–50 Hz
Driving side
left[22]
Calling code
+91
ISO 3166 code
IN
Internet TLD
.in (others)
Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.[24] Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity.[25] Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE.[26] By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest, unfolding as the language of the Rigveda, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India.[27] The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions.[28] By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism,[29] and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity.[30] Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin.[31] Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity,[32] but also marked by the declining status of women,[33] and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief.[g][34] In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.