write a detailed note on local self government explain its features
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India is a federal republic with three spheres of government: central (union), state and local. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local government and in addition each state has its own local government legislation.[1]Since 1993, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution,[2] have Nagar Palika but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the panchayati raj system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution.[3] For the history of traditional local government in India and South Asia, see panchayati raj.
As of summer 2017, there are a total of 267,428 local government bodies of which 262,771 are rural and 4,657 urban. Of the rural local governments, 632 are zila parishad at the district level, 6,672 are panchayat samaiti at the block level, and 255,466 are gram panchayat at the village level. Following the 2013 Local election 37.1% of councillors were women, and in 2015/16 local government expenditure was 16.3% of total government expenditure.[1]
RuralEdit
The panchayati raj system is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. The modern system is based in part on traditional panchayat governance, in part on the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy.[4] The result was intended to create greater participation in local government by people and more effective implementation of rural development programs. Although, as of 2015, implementation in all of India is not complete the intention is for there to be a gram panchayat for each village or group of villages, a tehsil level council, and a zilla panchayat at the district level.
The Constitution of India visualises panchayats as institutions of self-governance. However, giving due consideration to the federal structure of India's polity, most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures. Consequently, the powers and functions vested in PRIs vary from state to state. These provisions combine representative and direct democracy into a synergy and are expected to result in an extension and deepening of democracy in India. Hence, panchayats have journeyed from an institution within the culture of India to attain constitutional status.
UrbanEdit
Main article: Municipal governance in India
'Urban Local Governments [2]
Municipal CorporationsMunicipal councilsNagar Panchayats
FunctionsEdit
All municipal acts in India provide for functions, powers and responsibilities to be carried out by the municipal government. These are divided into two categories - obligatory or discretionary.
Obligatory functions
supply of pure and wholesome waterconstruction and maintenance of public streetslighting and watering of public streetscleaning of public streets, places and sewersregulation of offensive, dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practicesmaintenance or support of public hospitalsestablishment and maintenance of primary schoolsregistration of births and deathsremoving obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges and other placesnaming streets and numbering houses
Discretionary functions
laying out of areassecuring or removal of dangerous buildings or placesconstruction and maintenance of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, rest houses, leper homes, orphanages and rescue homes for womenpublic buildingsplanting of trees and maintenance of roadshousing for low income groupsconducting surveysorganizing public receptions, public exhibitions, public entertainmentprovision of transport facilities with the municipalitypromotion of welfare of municipal employees
Some of the functions of the urban bodies overlap with the work of state agencies. The functions of the municipality, including those listed in the Twelfth Schedule are left to the discretion of the state government. Local bodies have to be bestowed with adequate powers, authority and responsibility to perform the functions entrusted to them by the Act. However, the Act has not provided them with any powers directly and has instead left it to state government discretion.[13]
As of summer 2017, there are a total of 267,428 local government bodies of which 262,771 are rural and 4,657 urban. Of the rural local governments, 632 are zila parishad at the district level, 6,672 are panchayat samaiti at the block level, and 255,466 are gram panchayat at the village level. Following the 2013 Local election 37.1% of councillors were women, and in 2015/16 local government expenditure was 16.3% of total government expenditure.[1]
RuralEdit
The panchayati raj system is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. The modern system is based in part on traditional panchayat governance, in part on the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy.[4] The result was intended to create greater participation in local government by people and more effective implementation of rural development programs. Although, as of 2015, implementation in all of India is not complete the intention is for there to be a gram panchayat for each village or group of villages, a tehsil level council, and a zilla panchayat at the district level.
The Constitution of India visualises panchayats as institutions of self-governance. However, giving due consideration to the federal structure of India's polity, most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures. Consequently, the powers and functions vested in PRIs vary from state to state. These provisions combine representative and direct democracy into a synergy and are expected to result in an extension and deepening of democracy in India. Hence, panchayats have journeyed from an institution within the culture of India to attain constitutional status.
UrbanEdit
Main article: Municipal governance in India
'Urban Local Governments [2]
Municipal CorporationsMunicipal councilsNagar Panchayats
FunctionsEdit
All municipal acts in India provide for functions, powers and responsibilities to be carried out by the municipal government. These are divided into two categories - obligatory or discretionary.
Obligatory functions
supply of pure and wholesome waterconstruction and maintenance of public streetslighting and watering of public streetscleaning of public streets, places and sewersregulation of offensive, dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practicesmaintenance or support of public hospitalsestablishment and maintenance of primary schoolsregistration of births and deathsremoving obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges and other placesnaming streets and numbering houses
Discretionary functions
laying out of areassecuring or removal of dangerous buildings or placesconstruction and maintenance of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, rest houses, leper homes, orphanages and rescue homes for womenpublic buildingsplanting of trees and maintenance of roadshousing for low income groupsconducting surveysorganizing public receptions, public exhibitions, public entertainmentprovision of transport facilities with the municipalitypromotion of welfare of municipal employees
Some of the functions of the urban bodies overlap with the work of state agencies. The functions of the municipality, including those listed in the Twelfth Schedule are left to the discretion of the state government. Local bodies have to be bestowed with adequate powers, authority and responsibility to perform the functions entrusted to them by the Act. However, the Act has not provided them with any powers directly and has instead left it to state government discretion.[13]
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