Question

Write a full note on radioactivity.​

Answer 1

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★ Radioactivity

$\longrightarrow$ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴄᴇss ᴏғ ᴇᴍɪssɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ғʀᴏᴍ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇɪ ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ɪɴsᴛᴀʙɪʟɪᴛʏ; ɪs ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀs ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛʏ.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴛʜᴇ sᴜʙsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʀᴇʟᴇᴀsᴇs sᴜᴄʜ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ/ʀᴀʏs ɪs ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀs ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ sᴜʙsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴠɪsɪʙʟᴇ ʀᴀʏs ʀᴇʟᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ғʀᴏᴍ sᴜᴄʜ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ sᴜʙsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀs ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ʀᴀʏs.

$\longrightarrow$ ʟɪᴋᴇᴡɪsᴇ, ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛʏ ɪs ᴀ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴏɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʜᴀᴘᴘᴇɴs (ɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴀʟʟʏ) ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ɪɴsᴛᴀʙíʟɪᴛʏ ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴏᴍs.

$\longrightarrow$ ɪɴ 1896 ʜᴇɴʀɪ ʙᴇᴄǫᴜᴇʀᴇʟ ғɪʀsᴛ ᴏʙsᴇʀᴠᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴀ ᴏғ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛʏ, ʙᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍ 'ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛʏ' ᴡᴀs ᴄᴏɪɴᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴍᴀʀɪᴇ ᴄᴜʀɪᴇ.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴍᴀʀɪᴇ ᴄᴜʀɪᴇ ᴅɪsᴄᴏᴠᴇʀᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ɴᴀᴍᴇʟʏ ᴘᴏʟᴏɴɪᴜᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴀᴅɪᴜᴍ ɪɴ 1898.

$\longrightarrow$ ғᴏʀ ʜᴇʀ ᴅɪsᴄᴏᴠᴇʀʏ, ᴍᴀʀɪᴇ ᴄᴜʀɪᴇ ᴡᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴏʙᴇʟ ᴘʀɪᴢᴇ.

★ Radioactive Rays

$\longrightarrow$ ᴀғᴛᴇʀ ʟᴏɴɢ ʏᴇᴀʀs ᴏғ ᴇxᴘᴇʀɪᴍᴇɴᴛ, ᴇʀɴᴇsᴛ ʀᴜᴛʜᴇʀғᴏʀᴅ ᴀʟᴏɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʜɪs ᴄᴏʟʟᴇᴀɢᴜᴇ (ʜᴀɴs ɢᴇɪɢᴇʀ ᴀɴᴅ ʜɪs sᴛᴜᴅᴇɴᴛ ᴇʀɴᴇsᴛ ᴍᴀʀsᴅᴇɴ), ᴅɪsᴄᴏᴠᴇʀᴇᴅ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ʀᴀʏs, ʙᴇᴛᴀ ʀᴀʏs, ᴀɴᴅ ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ʀᴀʏs.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʀᴀʏs ᴇᴍɪᴛᴛᴇᴅ ᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇsᴜʟᴛ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪsɪɴᴛᴇɢʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴏᴍs.

★ Alpha (a) Particles

$\longrightarrow$ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴜsᴜᴀʟʟʏ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏsᴇᴅ ᴏғ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛᴡᴏ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴs, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛɪɢʜᴛʟʏ ʙᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛᴏɢᴇᴛʜᴇʀ.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ʙᴇɪɴɢ ʀᴇʟᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴅᴇᴄᴀʏ (ᴏʀ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴅᴇᴄᴀʏ) ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ʀᴀᴅɪᴏ ɴᴜᴄʟɪᴅᴇs.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ɪᴅᴇɴᴛɪᴄᴀʟ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴏғ ᴇɪᴛʜᴇʀ ɴᴏʀᴍᴀʟ ʜᴇʟɪᴜᴍ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ᴏʀ ᴅᴏᴜʙʟʏ ɪᴏɴɪᴢᴇᴅ ʜᴇʟɪᴜᴍ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ.

$\longrightarrow$ ɪɴ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴀʀɪsᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs (ɪ.ᴇ. ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ᴀɴᴅ ʙᴇᴛᴀ), ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ʜᴇᴀᴠʏ ᴀɴᴅ sʟᴏᴡ. ᴛʜᴇʀᴇғᴏʀᴇ, ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴠᴇʀʏ sᴍᴀʟʟ ʀᴀɴɢᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀɪʀ.

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ sʟᴏᴡ sᴘᴇᴇᴅ, ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴠᴇʀʏ ᴡᴇᴀᴋ ᴘᴇɴᴇᴛʀᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴘᴏᴡᴇʀs; ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴇᴠᴇɴ sᴛᴏᴘᴘᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ ᴛʜɪɴ ᴘᴀᴘᴇʀ sʜᴇᴇᴛ (sᴇᴇ ɪᴍᴀɢᴇ ɢɪᴠᴇɴ ᴀʙᴏᴠᴇ).

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ʜᴀᴠɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴏᴜʙʟᴇ ᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ, ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ʜɪɢʜʟʏ ɪᴏɴɪᴢɪɴɢ.

★ Beta (B) Particles

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴀsᴛ ᴍᴏᴠɪɴɢ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴs ᴇᴍɪᴛᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ sᴏᴍᴇ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏ ɴᴜᴄʟɪᴅᴇs ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴅᴇᴄᴀʏ (ᴀʟsᴏ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀs ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴅᴇᴄᴀʏ).

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴏғ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ʟɪɢʜᴛᴇʀ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴀʀʀʏ ᴀ sɪɴɢʟᴇ ɴᴇɢᴀᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ.

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ʀᴀʀᴇʟʏ ɪᴏɴɪᴢɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs.

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ʜᴀᴠɪɴɢ ʟɪɢʜᴛᴇʀ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ, ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴄᴀɴ ᴛʀᴀᴠᴇʟ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ғᴀʀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs; ʜᴏᴡᴇᴠᴇʀ, ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴄᴀɴ ʙᴇ sᴛᴏᴘᴘᴇᴅ ʙʏ sᴇᴠᴇʀᴀʟ sʜᴇᴇᴛ ᴏғ ᴘᴀᴘᴇʀs ᴏʀ ᴏɴᴇ sʜᴇᴇᴛ ᴏғ ᴀʟᴜᴍɪɴᴜᴍ.

$\longrightarrow$ ʙᴇᴛᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴇɢᴀᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ɢᴇᴛ ᴀᴛᴛʀᴀᴄᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏᴡᴀʀᴅs ᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs.

★ Gamma (y) Particles

$\longrightarrow$ ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴜɴᴅʟᴇ ᴏғ ʜɪɢʜ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ɴᴀᴍᴇʟʏ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏᴍᴀɢɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ (ᴘʜᴏᴛᴏɴ) ᴇᴍɪᴛᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴀᴅɪᴏᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴅᴇᴄᴀʏ.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴀᴍᴏɴɢ ᴀʟʟ ᴛʜʀᴇᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs (ᴀʟᴘʜᴀ, ʙᴇᴛᴀ, ᴀɴᴅ ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ), ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴇɴᴇʀɢᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴘʜᴏᴛᴏɴs.

$\longrightarrow$ ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴍ ᴏғ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏᴍᴀɢɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ʀᴀᴅɪᴀᴛɪᴏɴ (ᴇᴍʀ), ᴏʀɪɢɪɴᴀᴛᴇ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs.

$\longrightarrow$ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴀᴠᴇʟᴇɴɢᴛʜs ᴏғ ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ sʜᴏʀᴛᴇsᴛ ᴀᴍᴏɴɢ ᴀʟʟ ᴛʜʀᴇᴇ.

$\longrightarrow$ ɢᴀᴍᴍᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɴᴏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴀʟ; ᴛʜᴇʀᴇғᴏʀᴇ, ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀʀᴇ ᴜɴᴀғғᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴍᴀɢɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴀɴᴅ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀɪᴄ ғɪᴇʟᴅs.

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★ Uses of Radioactive Elements

$\leadsto$ ᴍᴇᴅɪᴄᴀʟ ғɪᴇʟᴅ (ᴛʀᴇᴀᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴅɪsᴇᴀsᴇs)

$\leadsto$ ɪɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴀʟ ᴘʀᴏᴄᴇss

$\leadsto$ ᴇɴᴇʀɢʏ ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ

$\leadsto$ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ʀᴇᴀᴄᴛᴏʀs

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It helps you.

Answer 2

Radioactivity is defined as the emission of particles and electromagnetic rays from the nucleus of an unstable atom. Six types of radiation produced during nuclear decay were presented within this chapter and include: alpha (α) decay which is composed of two protons and two neutrons and has a +2 charge.