Question

Write a function called swap() that interchanges two int values belonging
to an object, passed as parameter to it by the calling program. Write a C++
program to demonstrate call by value, call by reference and call by
address.

Answer 1

Answer:

Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized DBMS. It refers to the immunity of user applications to changes made in the definition and organization of data. ... There are two types of data independence: physical and logical data independence.

Answer 2

n the C++ Functions tutorial, we learned about passing arguments to a function. This method used is called passing by value because the actual value is passed.

However, there is another way of passing arguments to a function where the actual values of arguments are not passed. Instead, the reference to values is passed.

For example,

// function that takes value as parameter

void func1(int numVal) {

   // code

}

// function that takes reference as parameter

// notice the & before the parameter

void func2(int &numRef) {

   // code

}

int main() {

   int num = 5;

   // pass by value

   func1(num);

   // pass by reference

   func2(num);

   return 0;

}