Question

Write a note on :
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek War of independence
[CBSE 2016 (F) Comptt.]
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist
struggles​

Answer 1

Answer:

a.) Giuseppe Mazzini born in Genoa in 1807, was an Italian revolutionary He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German States.

b.)Count Camillo de Cavour was Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian.

c.) This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries like the French Kingdom, Great Britain and Russian Empire, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation.

d.) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. ... This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.

e.) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

Answer 2

Question :-

1. Write a Note on:

a) Giuseppe Mazzini

b) Count Camilo de Cavour

c) The Greek War of Independence

d) The Frankfurt Parliament

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer :-

a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He

was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for

attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles

and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy

and the German States. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

So, Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

b) Count Camilo de Cavour: Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement

to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and

educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a

careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in

1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.

c) The Greek War of Independence: Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.

The struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support

from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans sharing sympathies for ancient

Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public

opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832

recognised Greece as an independent nation.

d) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by a large number of

political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous

artisans. Its first meeting was convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt. They

drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The

king of Prussia rejected the crown offered by the deputies of parliament and joined other monarchs to

oppose the elected assembly. As it was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of

workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end, troops were called in and the

assembly was forced to disband.

e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a

controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively

over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part

in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of

the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted

only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

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