write a note on cell organization
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The components of a cell and the arrangements of these individual parts within the cell form the cellular organization. Cells, the basic unit of life, are of 2 types: prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (fungi, algae, protozoa, plants, and animals
Answer:
Cellular Organization
The components of a cell and the arrangements of these individual parts within the cell form the cellular organization. Cells, the basic unit of life, are of 2 types: prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (fungi, algae, protozoa, plants, and animals).
Prokaryotic cells are of smaller sizes and, hence, a greater surface-to-volume ratio, which means that nutrients can reach any part of the cell interior easily. On the contrary, eukaryotic cells are larger, meaning lesser surface-to-volume ratio and no easy/rapid diffuse of nutrients. Hence, it requires specialized internal organelles arranged in an organized manner to perform metabolism, generate energy, and transport chemicals within the cell. Cells are of varied shapes and sizes.
A cell can be divided into 2 parts: cell wall/cell membrane and protoplasm, which is further divided into cytoplasm (all of the protoplasm except nucleus) and nucleoplasm (gentetic material, DNA, RNA, and nucleus).
Cell Wall/Cell Membrane
• The cytoplasmic membrane (also known as cell membrane or plasma membrane) is a phospholipid semipermeable bilayer and separates the cytoplasm from the outer environment.
• Presence of cholesterol aids in flexibility of the membrane, while the suspended (integral) proteins stick out from the bilayer to function as gateways for specific molecules to move in and out of the cell.
• Cell wall is present in plant cells and bacteria, but is absent in animal cells.
• Bacterial cell wall contains peptidoglycan, while cellulose or chitin is the major component of plant, algae, and fungi cell wall. The thick cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and maintains the rigidity, integrity, and shape of the cells.
Cytoplasm
• The material between the cell membrane and nucleoplasm is known as cytoplasm.
• Fibrous protein in cytoplasm forms the cytoskeleton of the cell, which maintains the shape of the cell and anchors the cellular organelles.
• Cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
Nucleoplasm
• The nuclear body of the cell (nucleolus) harbors the genetic material such as DNA, except for the plastid DNA.
• It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that has pores to join the endoplasmic reticulum.
• RNA is synthesized in nucleolus and moves out to cytoplasm, and ribosomes are assembled in nucleolus.
• Nuclear body is called nucleoid in prokaryotes with no membrane or nucleolus, but just the circular chromosome.
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