Question

Write a note on fermentation by microbes and its applications.

Answer 1

Fermentation is the enzymatic decomposition and utililization of foodstuffs, particularly carbohydrates, by microbes. Fermentation takes place throughout the gastrointestinal tract of all animals, but the intensity of fermentation depends on microbe numbers, which are generally highest in the large bowel. Thus, the large intestine is quantitatively the most important site of fermention, except for species with forestomachs (ruminants). Further, there are major differences in the contribution of fermentation to energy production of different species. In carnivores like dogs and cats, and even in omnivores like humans, fermentation generates rather few calories, but in herbivores, fermentation is a way of life.

Large intestinal epithelial cells do not produce digestive enzymes, but contain huge numbers of bacteriawhich have the enzymes to digest and utilize many substrates. In all animals, two processes are attributed to the microbial flora of the large intestine:

Digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates not digested in the small intestine (e.g. cellulose, residual starch)Synthesis of vitamin K and certain B vitamins

Answer 2

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Fermentation is the process of conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol and $C0_2$ by some microorganisoms in the absence of $0_2$ . Microbes via fermentation are utilised for the synthesis of a number of products valuable for human beings.
Some of the applications of microbes are:
(i) Production of bread using baker’s yeast.
(ii) Microbes are used to ferment fish, soybean, bamboo - shoots, etc.
(iii) Different varieties of cheese are produced by fermentation via microbes.
(iv) Wine, beer and other alcoholic drinks are also produced by fermentation.
(v) Vinegar is also produce by fermentation.
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