write a note on :- Guiseppe Mazzini , Count Camilo de Cavour, The Greek war Independence , Frankfurt parliament, the role of women in nationalist struggle.
Answers
Explanation:
1
Question 1:
1. Write a note on:
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
c) The Greek war of independence
d) Frankfurt parliament
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer 1:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini: He was an Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in
promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He believed that nations were the natural units of
mankind, and so Italy (which was then divided into a number of small states and kingdoms)
had to be forged into a single unified republic. During the 1830s, he strived to put together a
coherent programme for such a unitary Italian Republic. He also set up two secret societies,
namely Young Italy and Young Europe. These societies helped in the dissemination of his
ideas.
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour: Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled
by an Italian princely house. When the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite
Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state. King Victor
Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister. Cavour led the movement to
unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance
with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby
free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
(c) The Greek war of independence: This was a successful war of independence waged by
Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were
supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle
of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as
an independent nation.
(d) Frankfurt parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class
professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions.
It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This
assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a
parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was
dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to
Question :-
1. Write a Note on:
a) Giuseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camilo de Cavour
c) The Greek War of Independence
d) The Frankfurt Parliament
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer :-
a) Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He
was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles
and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy
and the German States. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
So, Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
b) Count Camilo de Cavour: Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state who led the movement
to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and
educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a
careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in
1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
c) The Greek War of Independence: Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
The struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support
from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans sharing sympathies for ancient
Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public
opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832
recognised Greece as an independent nation.
d) The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by a large number of
political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous
artisans. Its first meeting was convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt. They
drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. The
king of Prussia rejected the crown offered by the deputies of parliament and joined other monarchs to
oppose the elected assembly. As it was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of
workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end, troops were called in and the
assembly was forced to disband.
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a
controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively
over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part
in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of
the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted
only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
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