write a note on the literary source of the mediaeval period
Answers
Our sources for this period include :
•Edicts ,temples and land grants, commentaries on the Dharmashastras , coins , latter Puranas such as the Bhavishya Puranas
•the records left by the Muslim historians who accomapnied the likes of Mahmud of Ghazni such as his secretary al-Utbi’s memoirs
•The three most precious records of this time would be Al-Biruni’s memoirs , Kalhana’s Rajatarangini about the Kashmir dynasties and their glorious resistance to the Islamic onslaught and Marco Polo’s observations in the Malabar region
•The common literature composed in this age especially the early literature of the regional languages such as the Apabhramsa language , the Kamba Ramayana , the rise of Kannada literature
•The official records about imperial orders such as copper plate inscriptions and literature which recorded the life and times of the VIjayanagara empire . Also to be noted in this period are the memoirs written by the Portuguese visitors and merchants to the Vijayanagara court
History proper was recorded by the Muslim historians who accompanied the Delhi sultans and the Mughals. The statements of Amir Khusrau give a valuable insight into the psyche of the invaders .
•Abul Fazl and Badauni will forever be remembered for their contribution to Mughal history and recording their life and times with startling accuracy
•Another aspect of Muslim history keeping was their dated records which avoided the chronological dating controversies that plague ancient Indian history
•The meticulous records of the firmans of the Delhi court and the letters of the emperors themselves such as Aurangzeb’s correspondences
•The correspondences between the imperial governors with the Delhi court
•The biographies of Shivaji Maharaj and the Peshwa letters that are the most important source of history of the period of the Latter Mughals
•The memoirs and the records of the Company’s representatives as quoted extensively by the likes of Sir Jadunath Sircar which gives an important if somewhat coloured view of India as it appeared to the outside world
•The Rajputana chronicles such as the Jaipur letters which helped reconstruct the latter history of Rajputana and their relation with the Mughals and then the Marathas.
•The records of the invaders during the rule of the Latter Mughals such as the orders of Ahmed Shah Abdali , the Afghan warlord to reduce the holy city of Mathura to ruins as it was sacred to the Hindus and he had failed to collect the submission of the Jat RAja Suraj Mal
•The correspondences of the Jat kings and the record of their activities as kept by the Mughal court
•The religious literature of the Sikhs which meticulously record the social degenetration that had set in before •Guru Nanak came forth to uplift the people , the martyrs to the Mughal blade and fire and the detailed biographies of the Ten Sikh Gurus and their followers which shed a light on the state of the Pun.
Answer:
Let us look at this from a different angle, imagine you have a rubber ball. You generally use it for playing.
Now, throw this rubber ball with as much force as you can, at a wall. It bounces back.
Now, throw this same rubber ball into the sand, what happens? you will see that it penetrated into the sand and would stay there.
Now, the same ball, throw into mud, it would go into the mud, go a bit further, and settle.
But, there will be a slight change in the path of the ball in mud, and also in sand, but in case of wall no change as it cannot pass through the medium.
Now, repeat the experiment with water, throwing the ball into water and observe, you will see that the ball’s trajectory has changed from the straight line it has been following.
This is mainly because it experiences a friction from the particles which is more in water than in air, so, as soon as it enters the particles of water collide with the particle matter of ball, since the amount or concentration of particles differs, immediately, the ball tends to deviate, trying to exert force and in process losing the kinetic energy that it possesses.
Considering light, we see that light has no particles at all, but this is where we are wrong, light is made of particles too. Fascinating indeed, it is established that light has dual nature both wave and like and particle like, attributing to the bending of light when denser medium is met, implying more friction!