write a short note on akbar's administrative policies
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Akbar became emperor at the age of 13 years in the year 1556. Administration was initially controlled by the regent Bairam Khan. Later Akbar became free of his control and launched military campaigns against Suris and other Afghans. The neighbouring kingdoms of Malwa and Gondwana were also attacked and revolts by his half-brother Mirza Hakim and the Uzbegs were put down. Chittor was seized after a prolonged campaign in 1568 while Ranthambhor was captured in 1569. Military expeditions were also launched in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa while another revolt arose in support of Mirza Hakim. Later, he turned his attention towards the northwest and seized Qandahar from the Safavids of Persia while also conquering Kashmir and Kabul. In the Deccan region, Berar Khandesh and Ahmednagar were annexed.
Akbar developed an efficient administration in his empire. A survey of crop yields, prices and cultivated areas over a ten-year period was carried out by Akbar 's revenue minister, Todar Mal. Tax on each crop was fixed on the basis of this data. An account of akbar 's reign was written by his close friend Abul Fazl in his three volume Akbar Nama. The Ain-i-Akbari, which was the third part of this volume, described administration, army, revenues and geography of the empire. Statistical details of crops, yields, prices and revenues were also provided in this work. The empire was divided into provinces called subas, which were governed by subadars. The financial officer was known as the diwan while the officers included bakhshi (military paymaster), sadr (minister in charge of religious affairs), faujdars (military commanders) and kotwals (police). The nobles had their own armies and were entitled to share in revenue. Religious tolerance was practiced and governance was framed on the idea of sulh-i-kul that was based on non-discrimantion and centred around ethics.
Akbar developed an efficient administration in his empire. A survey of crop yields, prices and cultivated areas over a ten-year period was carried out by Akbar 's revenue minister, Todar Mal. Tax on each crop was fixed on the basis of this data. An account of akbar 's reign was written by his close friend Abul Fazl in his three volume Akbar Nama. The Ain-i-Akbari, which was the third part of this volume, described administration, army, revenues and geography of the empire. Statistical details of crops, yields, prices and revenues were also provided in this work. The empire was divided into provinces called subas, which were governed by subadars. The financial officer was known as the diwan while the officers included bakhshi (military paymaster), sadr (minister in charge of religious affairs), faujdars (military commanders) and kotwals (police). The nobles had their own armies and were entitled to share in revenue. Religious tolerance was practiced and governance was framed on the idea of sulh-i-kul that was based on non-discrimantion and centred around ethics.
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Akbar was an enlightened and successful administrator. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by him.
Babur and Humayun had little time to take any initiative in formulating any administrative policy worth the name.
Akbar was an enlightened and successful administrator. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by
Akbar’s ideal of Kingship. According to him, “Upon the conduct of a monarch depends the efficiency of any course of action. His gratitude to God should be shown in just government and due recognition of merit.”
Akbar was the centre of all powers—civil, judicial, military and religious. He was the Supreme Commander of the army. He established a centralized administration. All appointments, promotions or dismissals depended on his decision and orders. Usually he ruled according to Shariat (Islamic Law).
Akbar’s day started with his appearance at the Jharokha (balcony) of the palace. A large number of people assembled below the balcony, presented their petitions to the emperor, besides having a fortunate glimpse of their emperor.
Babur and Humayun had little time to take any initiative in formulating any administrative policy worth the name.
Akbar was an enlightened and successful administrator. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by
Akbar’s ideal of Kingship. According to him, “Upon the conduct of a monarch depends the efficiency of any course of action. His gratitude to God should be shown in just government and due recognition of merit.”
Akbar was the centre of all powers—civil, judicial, military and religious. He was the Supreme Commander of the army. He established a centralized administration. All appointments, promotions or dismissals depended on his decision and orders. Usually he ruled according to Shariat (Islamic Law).
Akbar’s day started with his appearance at the Jharokha (balcony) of the palace. A large number of people assembled below the balcony, presented their petitions to the emperor, besides having a fortunate glimpse of their emperor.
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