write a short note on calvin cycle?
Answers
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The Calvin cycle is a set of light independent redox reactions that occur during photosynthesis and carbon fixation to convert carbon dioxide into the sugar glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast, which is the fluid-filled region between the thylakoid membrane and inner membrane of the organelle.
The Calvin cycle is part of photosynthesis, which occurs in two stages. In the first stage, chemical reactions use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH. In the second stage (Calvin cycle or dark reactions), carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic molecules, such as glucose. Although the Calvin cycle may be called the "dark reactions," these reactions don't actually occur in the dark or during nighttime. The reactions require reduced NADP, which comes from a light-dependent reaction. The Calvin cycle consists of:
Carbon fixation - Carbon dioxide (CO2) is reacted to produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). The enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes the carboxylation of a 5-carbon compound to make a 6-carbon compound that splits in half to form two 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) molecules. The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of 3-PGA to form 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3BPGA).
Reduction reactions - The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes reduction of 1,3BPGA by NADPH.
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration - At the end of the regeneration, the net gain of the set of reactions is one G3P molecule per 3 carbon dioxide molecules.
The overall chemical equation for the Calvin cycle is:
3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H2O + 9 ATP ==> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi
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Calvin Cycle Explanation
