write a short note on Chernobyl disaster of 1986
(50-70 words)
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Answer:
The accident started during a safety test on an RBMK-type nuclear reactor, which was commonly used throughout the Soviet Union. The test was a simulation of an electrical power outage to aid the development of a safety procedure for maintaining reactor cooling water circulation until the back-up electrical generators could provide power. This gap was about one minute and had been identified as a potential safety problem that could cause the nuclear reactor core to overheat. It was hoped to prove during a scheduled reactor power-down that the residual rotational energy in a turbine generator could provide enough power to cover the gap. Three such tests had been conducted since 1982, but they had failed to provide a solution. On this fourth attempt, an unexpected 10-hour delay meant that an unprepared operating shift was on duty.[3]
During the planned decrease of reactor power in preparation for the electrical test, the power unexpectedly dropped to a near-zero level. The operators were able to only partially restore the specified test power, which put the reactor in a potentially unstable condition. This risk was not made evident in the operating instructions, so the operators proceeded with the electrical test. Upon test completion, the operators triggered a reactor shutdown, but a combination of unstable conditions and reactor design flaws caused an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction instead.[4]:33
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Answer:
The explosion on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which is located 100 km from Kiev
in Ukraine (at that time part of the USSR), and the consequent reactor fire, which lasted for 10 days, resulted in
an unprecedented release of radioactive material from a nuclear reactor and adverse consequences for the public
and the environment.
The resulting contamination of the environment with radioactive material caused the evacuation of more
than 100 000 people from the affected region during 1986 and the relocation, after 1986, of another 200 000
people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Some five million people continue to live in areas
contaminated by the accident. The national governments of the three affected countries, supported by
international organizations, have undertaken costly efforts to remediate the areas affected by the contamination,
provide medical services and restore the region’s social and economic well-being.
The accident’s consequences were not limited to the territories of Belarus, the Russian Federation and
Ukraine, since other European countries were also affected as a result of the atmospheric transfer of radioactive
material. These countries also encountered problems in the radiation protection of their populations, but to a
lesser extent than the three most affected countries.
Although the accident occurred nearly two decades ago, controversy still surrounds the real impact of the
disaster. Therefore the IAEA, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the United Nations
Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World Health Organization (WHO)
and the World Bank, as well as the competent authorities of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine,
established the Chernobyl Forum in 2003. The mission of the Forum was — through a series of managerial and
expert meetings — to generate “authoritative consensual statements” on the environmental consequences and
health effects attributable to radiation exposure arising from the accident, as well as to provide advice on
environmental remediation and special health care programmes, and to suggest areas in which further research
is required. The Forum was created as a contribution to the United Nations’ ten year strategy for Chernobyl,
launched in 2002 with the publication of Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident — A Strategy
for Recovery.
Over a two year period, two groups of experts from 12 countries, including Belarus, the Russian Federation
and Ukraine, and from relevant international organizations, assessed the accident’s environmental and health
consequences. In early 2005 the Expert Group ‘Environment’, coordinated by the IAEA, and the Expert Group
‘Health’, coordinated by the WHO, presented their reports for the consideration of the Chernobyl Forum. Both
reports were considered and approved by the Forum at its meeting on 18–20 April 2005. This meeting also
decided, inter alia, “to consider the approved reports… as a common position of the Forum members, i.e., of the
eight United Nations organizations and the three most affected countries, regarding the environmental and
health consequences of the Chernobyl accident, as well as recommended future actions, i.e., as a consensus within
the United Nations system.”
This report presents the findings and recommendations of the Chernobyl Forum concerning the
environmental effects of the Chernobyl accident. The Forum’s report considering the health effects of the
Chernobyl accident is being published by the WHO. The Expert Group ‘Environment’ was chaired by L. Anspaugh
of the United States of America. The IAEA technical officer responsible for this report was M. Balonov of the
IAEA Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety.
Explanation: