Write a short note on Coal and petroleum natural resource management.
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Coal
Coal is a complex mixture of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen compounds. me nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus compounds are also present in it. It is found in coal mines deep under the surface of earth. Story of formation : It is believed that millions of years ago, the ground below the forests was split open by natural forces such as earthquakes and volcanoes. The forests got buried under the surface of earth. Thus, the plants had no contact with oxygen. Successive layers of sediments sealed the buried plants. Over millions of year, these deposits were subjected to tremendous pressure and heat finally transformed them into coal.
Carbonisation: The chemical process involved in the transformation of punt matter into coal is called the carbonisation of plant matter.
The carbon content of coal depends upon the variety of the coal. The higher the temperature and pressure of the Earth and the longer the coal has been hurried under the Earth, the more is the carbon content in it. So, the different varieties of coal are as follows (1) Peat (2) Lignite (3) Bituminous coal (4) Anthracite coal
Peat: It is the youngest variety of coal which is light brown in colour. It contains minimum carbon content and produces less heat and more smoke on burning. Its calorific value is 10 to 15 kJ/g.
Lignite: It is known as soft coal. It is also brown in colour and contains more carbon than peat. Its calorific value is 15 to 20 kJ/g.
Bituminous coal: It is the common household coal. It is the most abundant f and Is compact, black, contains more carbon and produces more heat than peat and lignite. Its calorific value is 30 to 35 kJ/g.
Anthracite coal: It is the hardest coal containing maximum carbon. T+ burns with difficulty due to presence of very low volatile matter. Therefore it is not used for household purposes, it is mainly used for industrial purposes. Its calorific value is 28 to 30 kJ/g.
Destructive distillation of coal
The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called the destructive distillation of coal. Coal contains a number of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. When coal is heated in the absence of air, a number of products are obtained.
The main products obtained by the destructive distillation of coal are as follows:
(1) Coke (2) Coal tar (3) Coal gas
(.
Petroleum
It is dark brownish to green coloured viscous liquid fossil fuel. It has strong foul smell due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds in it. It is commonly called as crude oil. The economy of a nation depends to a great extent on petroleum wealth, that's why petroleum is called the black gold.
Its name is derived from Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and O1eum (meaning oil). Thus, petroleum literally means "rock oil".
Origin of petroleum: Petroleum is a complex mixture of solid, liquid and seous hydrocarbons, mixed with salt water and earthy particles. It is always found trapped between two impervious rocks.
It is believed that petroleum is formed by the anaerobic decomposition of extremely small sea animals and plants which got buried in the sea bed millions of years ago. Let us see how this happened.
Occurrence of petroleum: Petroleum occurs at a moderate depth (500 m to 200 m) between the 2 layers of impervious rocks. The petroleum is lighter than It water & hence, floats over it. Natural gas is found above petroleum, trapped between the rock cap & petroleum layer.
Drilling of oil wells: The hole is drilled in the Earth's crust & when it reached the rock cap, the natural gas comes out first with a great pressure. When the pressure of gas subsides, petroleum starts flowing out due to the pressure of natural gas.
Refining of petroleum: Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons. It also contains water, salt and rocky materials. It cannot be used in this made form either as a fuel or a basic material to produce other useful components. Before being put to use, it has to be purified or refined. The process of separating the various components of petroleum from one another is known as the refining of petroleum. This is done by a process called fractional distillation which is based on the fact that the different components of petroleum have distinctly different boiling points.
In fractional distillation, crude petroleum is heated to a temperature of ,4U0°C or slightly above in a furnace.
Uses of petroleum
(1) Petroleum products are used as fuels.
(2) Lubricating oils, and vaseline are used as lubricants.
(3) Paraffin wax, products of petroleum, is used for manufacturing candles, polishes, waxed paper, water proofing, etc.
(4) Some of the by-products of petroleum after purification are used in the preparation of medicines, ointments, face creams and cosmetics.
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Coal is a complex mixture of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen compounds. me nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus compounds are also present in it. It is found in coal mines deep under the surface of earth. Story of formation : It is believed that millions of years ago, the ground below the forests was split open by natural forces such as earthquakes and volcanoes. The forests got buried under the surface of earth. Thus, the plants had no contact with oxygen. Successive layers of sediments sealed the buried plants. Over millions of year, these deposits were subjected to tremendous pressure and heat finally transformed them into coal.
Carbonisation: The chemical process involved in the transformation of punt matter into coal is called the carbonisation of plant matter.
The carbon content of coal depends upon the variety of the coal. The higher the temperature and pressure of the Earth and the longer the coal has been hurried under the Earth, the more is the carbon content in it. So, the different varieties of coal are as follows (1) Peat (2) Lignite (3) Bituminous coal (4) Anthracite coal
Peat: It is the youngest variety of coal which is light brown in colour. It contains minimum carbon content and produces less heat and more smoke on burning. Its calorific value is 10 to 15 kJ/g.
Lignite: It is known as soft coal. It is also brown in colour and contains more carbon than peat. Its calorific value is 15 to 20 kJ/g.
Bituminous coal: It is the common household coal. It is the most abundant f and Is compact, black, contains more carbon and produces more heat than peat and lignite. Its calorific value is 30 to 35 kJ/g.
Anthracite coal: It is the hardest coal containing maximum carbon. T+ burns with difficulty due to presence of very low volatile matter. Therefore it is not used for household purposes, it is mainly used for industrial purposes. Its calorific value is 28 to 30 kJ/g.
Destructive distillation of coal
The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called the destructive distillation of coal. Coal contains a number of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. When coal is heated in the absence of air, a number of products are obtained.
The main products obtained by the destructive distillation of coal are as follows:
(1) Coke (2) Coal tar (3) Coal gas
(.
Petroleum
It is dark brownish to green coloured viscous liquid fossil fuel. It has strong foul smell due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds in it. It is commonly called as crude oil. The economy of a nation depends to a great extent on petroleum wealth, that's why petroleum is called the black gold.
Its name is derived from Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and O1eum (meaning oil). Thus, petroleum literally means "rock oil".
Origin of petroleum: Petroleum is a complex mixture of solid, liquid and seous hydrocarbons, mixed with salt water and earthy particles. It is always found trapped between two impervious rocks.
It is believed that petroleum is formed by the anaerobic decomposition of extremely small sea animals and plants which got buried in the sea bed millions of years ago. Let us see how this happened.
Occurrence of petroleum: Petroleum occurs at a moderate depth (500 m to 200 m) between the 2 layers of impervious rocks. The petroleum is lighter than It water & hence, floats over it. Natural gas is found above petroleum, trapped between the rock cap & petroleum layer.
Drilling of oil wells: The hole is drilled in the Earth's crust & when it reached the rock cap, the natural gas comes out first with a great pressure. When the pressure of gas subsides, petroleum starts flowing out due to the pressure of natural gas.
Refining of petroleum: Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons. It also contains water, salt and rocky materials. It cannot be used in this made form either as a fuel or a basic material to produce other useful components. Before being put to use, it has to be purified or refined. The process of separating the various components of petroleum from one another is known as the refining of petroleum. This is done by a process called fractional distillation which is based on the fact that the different components of petroleum have distinctly different boiling points.
In fractional distillation, crude petroleum is heated to a temperature of ,4U0°C or slightly above in a furnace.
Uses of petroleum
(1) Petroleum products are used as fuels.
(2) Lubricating oils, and vaseline are used as lubricants.
(3) Paraffin wax, products of petroleum, is used for manufacturing candles, polishes, waxed paper, water proofing, etc.
(4) Some of the by-products of petroleum after purification are used in the preparation of medicines, ointments, face creams and cosmetics.
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