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• ᴀɴꜱᴡᴇʀ :
ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇ :
- ᴀ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇꜰɪɴᴇᴅ ᴀꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇꜱᴛ ᴜɴɪᴛ ᴏꜰ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜᴇᴍɪᴄᴀʟ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛɪᴇꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ. ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴜᴘ ᴏꜰ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ. ᴅᴇꜱᴄʀɪʙɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ, ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ɪꜱ ᴀʟꜱᴏ ꜱᴜʙ-ᴅɪᴠɪᴅᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ᴜɴɪᴛꜱ. ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ, ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ, ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ꜱᴜʙ-ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ɪɴꜱɪᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴠᴇ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ.
- ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴘᴏꜱɪᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ᴡʜᴇʀᴇᴀꜱ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴇɢᴀᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ. ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴅᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ᴄᴀʀʀʏ ᴀɴʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ. ꜱᴏ ᴡᴇ ᴄᴀɴ ꜱᴀʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ ɪꜱ ᴘᴏꜱɪᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ᴅᴜᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴇꜱᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ. ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ ɪꜱ ᴀ ʙᴜʟᴋ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ. ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ʟᴀʀɢᴇʟʏ ᴠᴀᴄᴀɴᴛ.
- ᴇᴠᴇʀʏ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ʜᴀꜱ ᴀ ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇꜰɪɴᴇᴅ ᴀꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴘʀᴇꜱᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ɪᴛꜱ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ. ɪᴛ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇɴᴏᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴢ.
- ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴡᴇ ᴛᴀʟᴋ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ɪᴛꜱ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ɪꜱ ᴛᴀᴋᴇɴ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴄᴏɴꜱɪᴅᴇʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɴᴇɢʟɪɢɪʙʟᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ. ʜᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ɪꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴜᴍ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇɴᴏᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ.
- ᴀ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇ ɪꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇꜱᴛ ᴜɴɪᴛ (ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇ) ᴏꜰ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ʜᴀᴠɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʜʏꜱɪᴄᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄʜᴇᴍɪᴄᴀʟ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛɪᴇꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ. ᴛʜɪꜱ ᴅᴏᴇꜱ ɴᴏᴛ ᴍᴇᴀɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇꜱ ᴄᴀɴ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ʙʀᴏᴋᴇɴ ᴅᴏᴡɴ ɪɴᴛᴏ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ᴘᴀʀᴛꜱ,
ᴇ.ɢ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ ꜰʀᴏᴍ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀʀᴇ ꜰᴏʀᴍᴇᴅ ᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ꜰʀᴀɢᴍᴇɴᴛꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇ, ᴇᴀᴄʜ ᴄᴏɴꜱɪꜱᴛɪɴɢ ᴏꜰ ꜱᴇᴠᴇʀᴀʟ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ ᴏʀ ᴘᴀʀᴛꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ.
- ᴀ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇꜰɪɴᴇᴅ ᴀꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇꜱᴛ ᴜɴɪᴛ ᴏꜰ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜᴇᴍɪᴄᴀʟ ᴘʀᴏᴘᴇʀᴛɪᴇꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ. ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴜᴘ ᴏꜰ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ. ᴅᴇꜱᴄʀɪʙɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ, ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ɪꜱ ᴀʟꜱᴏ ꜱᴜʙ-ᴅɪᴠɪᴅᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴏ ꜱᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ᴜɴɪᴛꜱ. ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴ, ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ, ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ꜱᴜʙ-ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ɪɴꜱɪᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ʀᴇᴠᴏʟᴠᴇ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ.
- ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ᴘᴏꜱɪᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ꜱᴜʙᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ. ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ʜᴀɴᴅ, ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ꜱᴜʙᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴇɢᴀᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ. ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ꜱᴜʙᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ᴄᴀʀʀʏ ᴀɴʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇ. ᴛʜᴇʀᴇꜰᴏʀᴇ, ɪᴛ ᴄᴀɴ ʙᴇ ᴜɴᴅᴇʀꜱᴛᴏᴏᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ ɪꜱ ᴘᴏꜱɪᴛɪᴠᴇʟʏ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇᴅ ᴅᴜᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴇꜱᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ. ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ ɪꜱ ᴀ ʙᴜʟᴋ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ. ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ᴍᴏꜱᴛʟʏ ᴠᴀᴄᴀɴᴛ. ᴇᴠᴇʀʏ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ʜᴀꜱ ᴀ ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇꜰɪɴᴇᴅ ᴀꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴘʀᴇꜱᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ɪᴛꜱ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜꜱ. ɪᴛ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇɴᴏᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱʏᴍʙᴏʟ ‘ᴢ’.
- ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴡᴇ ᴛᴀʟᴋ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴛᴏᴍꜱ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ɪᴛꜱ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇꜱ ɪꜱ ᴛᴀᴋᴇɴ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴄᴏɴꜱɪᴅᴇʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴꜱ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɴᴇɢʟɪɢɪʙʟᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ. ʜᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍ ɪꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴜᴍ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴏɴꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴇᴜᴛʀᴏɴꜱ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴀꜱꜱ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ɪꜱ ᴅᴇɴᴏᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ.
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