Question

Write a short note on montane forests

Answer 1

Montane forests are the forests that grow in mountainous areas. They consist of wet temperate forests between the altitudes of 1000 and 2000 metres. The trees in these forests typically have broad leaves. These include chestnut and oaks. Between the altitudes of 1500 and 3000 metres, the temperate forests consist of coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar. Pine forests are found in the steep dry slopes of Shivalik Hills, Western and Central Himalayas. At altitides of more than 3600 metres, Alpine vegetation in the form of junipers and birches are found. In India, these forests are found on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Alpine grasslands are used by nomadic tribes for grazing.

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Answer 2

Mountain forests can be defined as forests on land with an elevation of 2 500 m above sea level or higher, irrespective of slope, or on land with an elevation of 300–2 500 m and a slope with sharp changes in elevation within a short distance.

Mountain forests cover about 900 million hectares of the world’s land surface, constituting 20 percent of the world’s forest cover. They are hotspots of biodiversity and provide important environmental services far beyond the mountains themselves. Mountain forests exist on every continent (except Antarctica) and in every climatic zone. Mountain forests cover large proportions of (for example) the Alps, Pyrenees and Balkan and Carpathian mountain ranges in Europe, the Appalachian and Rocky mountain ranges in North America, the Australian Alps, the Guiana Highlands in South America, the mountains in Central Africa, and the Andes Mountain Range in South and Central America.