Question

write a short note on the progress in the field of science with reference to Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton​

Answer 1

The critical tradition began with Copernicus. It led directly to the work of Tycho Brahe, who measured stellar and planetary positions more accurately than had anyone before him. But measurement alone could not decide between Copernicus and Ptolemy, and Tycho insisted that the Earth was motionless. Copernicus did persuade Tycho to move the centre of revolution of all other planets to the Sun. To do so, he had to abandon the Aristotelian crystalline spheres that otherwise would collide with one another. Tycho also cast doubt upon the Aristotelian doctrine of heavenly perfection, for when, in the 1570s, a comet and a new star appeared, Tycho showed that they were both above the sphere of the Moon. Perhaps the most serious critical blows struck were those delivered by Galileo after the invention of the telescope. In quick succession, he announced that there were mountains on the Moon, satellites circling Jupiter, and spots upon the Sun. Moreover, the Milky Way was composed of countless stars whose existence no one had suspected until Galileo saw them. Here was criticism that struck at the very roots of Aristotle’s system of the world.