Write a short note on the revenue system of the delhi sultanate.
Answers
Explanation:
Brief Notes on The Land Revenue System of Sultanate PeriodS:
This article gives you information on the Land Revenue System of Sultanate Period, India.
There were four categories of land. The first was the iqta. For the purpose of administration and revenue collection, the state was parceled out into tracts called iqtas under iqtadars on muqS:
An iqta holder was expected to collect the revenue and deduct from in the amount granted to him, the balance was to be remitted to the central government.
If realization from an iqta fell short of the amount granted the deficit from the central government, according to law. Inevitably, the iqta-holders tried to conceal the real income from the iqtas. As long as the state was powerful, the iqta-holders were kept under control. A succession of week monarchs gave the iqta-holders a certain amount of sanctity and semblance to private property.
The second category of land was the Khalsa, or the royal land. It was under the direct supervision and control of the government. It was probably managed through agents or amils. Another class of land was the one which was left with the traditional rajas or Zamindars.
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They continued to enjoy autonomy within their jurisdictions. As long as they did not break the terms of the agreement, or the ambition of the Sultan did not lead to the annexation of another’s land, the tribute that was paid by these traditional holders of land was not rigidly fixed nor was it regularly collected.
The very fact that they had submitted was sometimes taken for more than enough. The last category of land was milk, inam, idrarat and waqlf, these were given as rewards or gifts or pensions or religious endowments and they could be made hereditary. Although the Sultan could theoretically revoke such grants, in practice it was not really done. Alauddin was the first Muslim monarch to organize the land revenue system on sound basis.
We have the Tarikhe Firozeshahi of Barni which throws lights on the reforms made on the agricultural land revenue. These reforms were initiated on the following ground.
(a) A uniform revenue pattern was to be initiated on the northern areas of the Sultante.
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(b) The Strength of local rulers, Khuts-muqdums and choudaries or middlemen was to be weakened in order to bridge the gap between the state and the farmers.
(c) To ensure reasonable margins for middlemen who were involved in the work of bringing grains ill the market from farmer’s houses.
(d) Royal grain age was to be filled up from buffer stock.
Three types of landed revenues were levied from the farmers. Kharaj-e-Jiziya, Charai and Ghari. He got the whole land measured and then fixed the share of the state on the basis of a pattern called Vishva. The land revenue, known as Karaj, was increased from 1/3 of the total produce to 1/2 especially in the Doab. According to Barni, Charai was levied from cows and other milchy animals.
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Farishta states that a pair of oxen, a pair of buffaloes, two cows and ten goats were free from the tax-net. In addition, Ghari was a less important tax which was levied time, to time a special occasions. The revenue policy of Firoz, however, suffered from two defects. The first was the further extension of the farming system. That the farming system prevailed even before the time of his predecessors is beyond doubt, but Firoz was more lavish in that respect than any other Sultan.
The worst feature of his farming system was that he farmed the revenue of even provinces to the government officials themselves. In the time of Muhammad Tughlaq the farmers did not sufficient power and resources of their command to force realization of revenue, as they seemed to be private individuals or bankers. But Firoz placed at the disposal of the farmers the entire local machinery of government.
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Answer:
There were four categories of land. The first was the iqta. For the purpose of administration & revenue collection, the state was parceled out into tracts called iqtas under iqtadars on muqtis.
An iqta holder was expected to collect the revenue & deduct from the amount granted to him, the balance was to be remitted to the central government.
If realization from an iqta fell short of the amount granted the deficit from the central government, according to law. Inevitably, the iqta holders tried to conceal the real income from iqtas. As long has the state was powerful, the iqta holders kept under control. A succesion of week monarchs gave the iqta holders a certain amount of sanctity and semblance to private property.
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