Write a short notes on:- 1) chauhans
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The earliest extant inscription that describes the origin of the Chauhans is the 1119 CE Sevadi inscription of Ratnapala, a ruler of the Naddula Chahamana dynasty. According to this inscription, the ancestor of the Chahamanas was born from the eye of Indra.
The 1170 CE Bijolia rock inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana king Someshvarastates that his ancestor Samantaraja was born at Ahichchhatrapura (possibly modern Nagaur in the gotra of sage Vatsa. The 1262 CE Sundha hill inscription of the Jalor Chahamana king Chachiga-deva states that the dynasty's ancestor Chahamana was "a source of joy" to the Vatsa. The 1320 Mount Abu (Achaleshwar temple) inscription of the Deora Chauhan ruler Lumbha states that Vatsa created the Chahamanas as a new lineage of warriors, after the solar dynasty and the lunar dynasty had ceased to exist.
The Ajmer inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Vigraharaja IV (c. 1150–64 CE) claims that Chahamana belonged to the solar dynasty, descending from Ikshavaku and Rama. The 12th-century Prithviraja Vijayamahakavya, composed by Prithviraja III's court poet Jayanaka, also claims a solar dynasty origin for the ruling dynasty. According to this text, Chahamana came to earth from Arkamandal (the orbit of the sun).
The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri, which describes the life of the Ranthambore branch ruler Hammira, gives the following account: Once Brahma was wandering in search of an auspicious place to conduct a ritual sacrifice. He ultimately chose the place where a lotus from his hand fell; this place came to be known as Pushkara. Brahma wanted to protect his sacrificial ceremony against interference from danavas (miscreant beings). Therefore, he remembered the Sun, and a hero came into being from the sun's orb. This hero was Chohan, the ancestor of the Hammira's dynasty. The earliest extant recension of Prithviraj Raso of Chand Bardai, dated to 15th or 16th century, states that the first Chauhan king – Manikya Rai – was born from Brahma's sacrifice.The 16th-century Surjana-Charita, composed by the Bengalipoet Chandra Shekhara under patronage of the Ranthambore ruler Rao Surjana, contains a similar account. It states that Brahma created the first Chahamana from the Sun's disc during a sacrificial ceremony at Pushkara.
Despite these earlier myths, it was the Agnivanshi (or Agnikula) myth that became most popular among the Chauhans and other Rajput clans. According to this myth, some of the Rajput clans originated from Agni, in a sacrificial fire pit. This legend was probably invented by the 10th-century Paramara court poet Padmagupta, whose Nava-Sahasanka-Charita mentions only the Paramaras as fire-born. The inclusion of Chauhans in the Agnivanshi myth can be traced back to the later recensions of Prithviraj Raso. In this version of the legend, once Vashistha and other great sages begin a major sacrificial ceremony on Mount Abu. The ritual was interrupted by miscreant daityas (demons). To get rid of these demons, Vashistha created progenitors of three Rajput dynasties from the sacrificial fire pit. These were Parihar (Pratiharas), Chaluk (Chaulukya or Solanki), and Parmar (Paramara). These heroes were unable to defeat the demons. So, the sages prayed again, and this time a fourth warrior appeared: Chahuvana (Chauhan). This fourth hero slayed the demons.
The earliest available copies of Prithviraj Rasodo not mention the Agnivanshi legend. It is possible that the 16th-century bards came up with the legend to foster Rajput unity against the Mughal emperor Akbar. Adaptions of the Prithviraj Raso occur in several later works. The Hammira Raso (1728 CE) by Jodharaja, a court poet of prince Chandrabhana of Neemrana, states that once the Kshatriyas (warriors) became extinct. So, the great sages assembled at Mount Abu and created three heroes. When these three heroes could not defeat the demons, they created Chahuvanaji. A slight variation occurs in the writings of Surya Malla Mishrana, the court poet of Bundi. In this version, the various gods create the four heroes on Vashistha's request. According to the bardic tale of the Khichi clan of Chauhans, the Parwar (Paramara) was born from Shiva's essence; the Solankhi (Solanki) or Chaluk Rao (Chalukya) was born from Brahma's essence; the Pariyar (Parihar) was born from Devi's essence; and the Chahuvan (Chauhan) was born from Agni, the fire.
Although legends state that the Chahamanas are Agnikula, inscriptions and literary works referring to them and their namesake (the Chauhans) are all silent about it. Both Prithvirajvijaya and Hammira Mahakavya state that Chahamana (or Vasudeva), by whom the clan was formed was born from the Surya-Mandala. There were several branches of the Chahamana dynasty like Chahamanas of Sakambhari, of Lata, of Dhavalapuri, of Partabgarh and Ranthambore and also of Naddula and of Javalipura and of Satvapura. The main branch ruled from Sakambhari (modern Sambhan near Ajmer), while the others were collateral and ruled from different places.
Earlier feudatories of the Pratiharas, they proclaimed themselves independent in mid-tenth century. Ajayaraja, who founded the city Ajayameru (Ajmer), was one of the finest rulers of this dynasty. Another famous king was Vigraharaja IV (Visaladeva) who probably made extensive conquests and controlled Delhi after defeating the Tomaras in mid-12th century. He was a poet and a patron of letters. The famous Prithviraja III or Rai Pithora began his reign from 1177. He defeated the Chandella king, Paramadi.
He was hostile towards the Gahadavala king, Jayachandra. In his first confrontation with Muhammad Ghori in 1191 (first battle of Tarain), he defeated Ghori, but in the second battle of Tarain in 1192, Prithviraja was defeated and executed. With his death, the Chauhan kingdom was much weakened. It finally became part of the Sultanate of Delhi.
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