Question

Write about an insect that collects food material by injecting its venom??​

Answer 1

Answer:

Venom is composed of a combination of proteins, enzymes, and other molecular substances. These toxics substances work to destroy cells, disrupt nerve impulses, or both. Snakes use their venom cautiously, injecting amounts sufficient to disable prey or to defend against predators.

Answer 2

This article is about the class of biotoxins. For other uses, see Venom (disambiguation).

Venom is a secretion containing one or more toxins produced by an animal.[1] Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators and prey, and both vertebrates and invertebrates.

Wasp stinger with a droplet of venom

Venoms kill through the action of at least four major classes of toxin, namely necrotoxins and cytotoxins, which kill cells; neurotoxins, which affect nervous systems; and myotoxins, which damage muscles. Biologically, venom is distinguished from poison in that poisons are ingested, while venom is delivered in a bite, sting, or similar action. Venomous animals cause tens of thousands of human deaths per year. However, the toxins in many venoms have potential to treat a wide range of diseases.

Evolution..

Further information: Evolution of snake venom

The use of venom across a wide variety of taxa is an example of convergent evolution. It is difficult to conclude exactly how this trait came to be so intensely widespread and diversified. The multigene families that encode the toxins of venomous animals are actively selected, creating more diverse toxins with specific functions. Venoms adapt to their environment and victims and accordingly evolve to become maximally efficient on a predator's particular prey (particularly the precise ion channels within the prey). Consequently, venoms become specialized to an animal's standard diet.[2]

Mechanisms..

Phospholipase A2, an enzyme found in bee stings.

Main article: Toxin

Venoms cause their biological effects via the toxins that they contain; some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of differing types. Among the major classes of toxin in venoms are:[3]

Other invertebrates ..

There are venomous invertebrates in several phyla, including jellyfish such as the dangerous box jellyfish[20] and sea anemones among the Cnidaria,[21]sea urchins among the Echinodermata,[22] and cone snails[23] and cephalopods including octopuses among the Molluscs.[24]

Reptiles..

Main articles: Snake venom and Evolution of snake venom

1. The venom of the prairie rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis (left) includes metalloproteinases (example on the right) which help digest the prey before the snake eats it.
2. Some 450 species of snake are venomous.[25] Snake venom is produced by glands below the eye (the mandibular gland) and delivered to the victim through tubular or channeled fangs. Snake venoms contain a variety of peptide toxins, including proteases, which hydrolyze protein peptide bonds, nucleases, which hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds of DNA, and neurotoxins, which disable signalling in the nervous system.[28] Snake venom causes symptoms including pain, swelling, tissue necrosis, low blood pressure, convulsions, hemorrhage (varying by species of snake), respiratory paralysis, kidney failure, coma and death.[29] Snake venom may have originated with duplication of genes that had been expressed in the salivary glands of ancestors.[30][31]

• Venom is found in a few other reptiles such as the Mexican beaded lizard,[32] the gila monster,[33] and some monitor lizards including the Komodo dragon.[34] Mass spectrometry showed that the mixture of proteins present in their venom is as complex as the mixture of proteins found in snake venom.[34][35] Some lizards possess a venom gland; they form a hypothetical clade, Toxicofera, containing the suborders Serpentes and Iguania and the families Varanidae, Anguidae, and Helodermatidae.[36]

Mammals..

Main article: Venomous mammal

• Euchambersia, an extinct genus of therocephalians, is hypothesized to have had venom glands attached to its canine teeth.[37]

• A few species of living mammals are venomous, including solenodons, shrews, vampire bats, the male platypus and the slow loris.[25][38] Shrews are known to have venomous saliva and most likely evolved their trait similarly to snakes.[39] The presence of tarsal spurs akin to those of the platypus in many non-therian Mammaliaformes groups suggests that venom was an ancestral characteristic among mammals.[40]

• Extensive research on platypuses shows that their toxin was initially formed from gene duplication, but data provides evidence that the further evolution of platypus venom does not rely as much on gene duplication as once was thought.[41] Modified sweat glands are what evolved into platypus venom glands. Although it is proven that reptile and platypus venom have independently evolved, it is thought that there are certain protein structures that are favored to evolve into toxic molecules. This provides more evidence as to why venom has become a homoplastic trait and why very different animals have convergently evolved.[9]

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