write about any five poverty alleviation programs
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Contents
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)
National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
National Maternity Benefit Scheme.
Annapurna.
Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana.
References.
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Answer:
There is a higher incidence of poverty in rural areas as compared to urban areas. This is testified by the Planning Commission’s estimate for 2011-12 that 25.7 per cent of the rural population was living below the poverty line (Rs 816 per capita per month for rural areas) while for urban areas the proportion was 13.7 per cent of the population being below the poverty line (Rs 1,000 per capita per month for urban areas). Thus while more than a tenth of the urban population was living below the urban poverty line in 2011-12, a quarter of the rural population was living below the rural poverty line (Planning Commission, 2013). Poverty alleviation programmes in India thus become important especially in the case of rural India.
Rural Poverty in the Planning Process
In rural areas, geographical factors as an externality can be predominant in influencing poverty, as for example, in how droughts can act to increase rural poverty by decreasing incomes from agricultural production. There can also be issues over the delivery of institutional quality in remote rural areas. Institutional quality can affect poverty alleviation and this is brought out in a study by Perera & Lee (2016). The study found that while some aspects of institutional quality such as improvements towards a stable government and a better law and order regime act to reduce poverty, other aspects such as improvements in bureaucratic quality and democratic accountability along with corruption act to increase poverty due to their association with an increase in the inequality of income distribution.
It can be added that improvements in bureaucratic quality and democratic accountability make the economic system more centrally determined, thus negating a multi-determined economics whereby income distribution can be more centrally determined unless policy leads otherwise. The correct policy configuration however, can act to foster more equitable income distribution. This necessitates the penetration of public policy in poverty alleviation programmes in India. While in urban areas the policy infrastructure can be more far reaching, in rural areas great attention is required in terms of delivery mechanisms of public policy. There can be issues over the delivery of institutional quality in rural locations in India due to their distance from hubs of policy organization. Poverty alleviation programmes in India that have a focus on rural poverty can greatly assist public policy in working for the betterment of the rural populations.
India has a legacy of high incidence of poverty, and as such it is considered a very important aspect of the developmental process in India by policymakers in the planning process. The NitiAayog, the chief planning body for the Government of India has a Task Force dedicated to this purpose. In estimating poverty however, the first step is enumeration of poverty, and in this fixing a poverty line (with incomes below which coming under the category of absolute poverty) becomes very important, and its exact value is usually widely debated after being fixed. On the basis of market prices in 1960-61, the earliest poverty line for rural populations was fixed at Rs 20 per capita per month. Although it was not the official poverty line, it led to extensive discussions on estimating poverty in the Planning Commission of India.
These discussions on poverty in India culminated in an expert committee being appointed by the Planning Commission in 1977 under the economist Y. K. Alagh that looked to produce a methodology for measuring poverty in India. A report was submitted by the committee in 1979 that set the rural poverty line at Rs 49.09 per capita per month in terms of market prices of 1973-74. The report also suggested setting different rural and urban poverty lines. This was followed by the Lakdawala Committee which suggested a methodology to update the poverty lines over time in 1993. The Alagh and Lakdawala Committee recommendations remained the basis for national estimates on measuring poverty until 2004-05. Towards the end of 2005, the Planning Commission appointed the Tendulkar Committee which submitted its report in 2009 which made upward adjustments to the poverty line such that it could be updated. What is now referred to as the Tendulkar poverty line is used in estimating the poverty line in India (NitiAayog, 2016). The values used in the poverty line however, remain a contentious issue.
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