Write about any three Measures that will make Indian cities more organised and liveable which need to be implemented to tackle the menace of pollution.
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Determined efforts needed: Mexico's Ambassador to India Melba Pria, whose chosen mode of transportation in Delhi is an auto-rickshaw, says that when the odd-even road rationing formula was tried in Mexico City, any vehicle that did not qualify was banned.
Unlike in India, there were no exemptions for women, children and other sections. Moreover, if you came from out of town, you were stopped at the entrance to the city.
Awareness of impact lacking: The story of the frog who got slowly boiled to death without realising it perhaps best applies to Delhi's residents.
Few understand how minute particulates are destroying their lungs every day.
Where there is awareness, it usually leads to buying air purifiers, which might help in enclosed environments but not outside.
Now let's try and draw some lessons from how once highly polluted cities like Beijing, Mexico City and Bogota have tried to address this problem.
Get people off cars, two-wheelers: Push them towards public transport, even bicycles.
To do this, you need bicycle lanes. Stray attempts like the one in Mumbai's Bandra Kurla Complex flopped because the lanes were built and forgotten.
So much so that few even recognise these demarcated spaces as bike lanes.
In contrast, Bogota has an amazing 400 km of private bicycle lanes.
In Europe, Munich has 1,200 km of marked bike lanes and 22,000 stands. Close to 20 per cent of the city's traffic is believed to be on bicycles.
More buses: But new generation ones. Bogota has 248 brand new hybrid diesel-electric buses.
China has more than 100,000 electric buses, 20 per cent of the total number of buses. Shenzen saw the largest deployment of electric buses recently.
Move all polluting industries out of the city:There's no choice on this matter, as Pria says. Mexico City didn't just move out the industries but ensured there were better filtration systems introduced into polluting stacks.
Keep expanding the Metro: You can't fault Delhi on this one but other cities have to move faster.
Beijing's Metro railway system went from two lines and 54 km in 2000 to a staggering 18 lines and 527 km by 2014. Yes, there is the China factor.
Take alternative transport arrangements seriously: Delhiites turned up their noses at a Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) network but it's running well in cities like Ahmedabad, and to some extent, Bhopal.
Bogota's BRT network now spreads over 112 km and handles 2.4 million passengers every day.
Beijing's BRT system is spread over four lines and 64 km of roads. But it also has a 395-km bus-only lane.
The use and adoption of BRT needs to be preceded by strong, smart and attractive messaging. Professionals need to run this part.
Strong demand management measures:Highly priced parking for cars is one obvious one, or a variation of congestion pricing.
Cities like Mumbai keep trying it, but nothing that effectively deters car purchases.
Beijing has a lottery system for 20,000 new cars a month. Cities like Singapore have long implemented similar moves.
Fuel management: Reducing sulphur content in diesel is a critical task.
As is the leap towards Euro VI (by 2020) or higher emission standards from the current Euro IV norms.
Laudable as they are, they will take time and cannot be implemented by one city or a set of cities alone.
BS IV fuels contain 50 parts per million (ppm) of sulphur while Euro VI will contain 10 ppm.
Today, India has Euro III norms in most parts of the country and Euro IV in major cities.

The challenges are boundless, but they can surely be resolved if citizens and lawmakers think of putting a better city ahead of better air.
Most major cities in the world, including those in North America, have gone through the suffering, learning and action curve. We have to quickly graduate to action.
Unlike in India, there were no exemptions for women, children and other sections. Moreover, if you came from out of town, you were stopped at the entrance to the city.
Awareness of impact lacking: The story of the frog who got slowly boiled to death without realising it perhaps best applies to Delhi's residents.
Few understand how minute particulates are destroying their lungs every day.
Where there is awareness, it usually leads to buying air purifiers, which might help in enclosed environments but not outside.
Now let's try and draw some lessons from how once highly polluted cities like Beijing, Mexico City and Bogota have tried to address this problem.
Get people off cars, two-wheelers: Push them towards public transport, even bicycles.
To do this, you need bicycle lanes. Stray attempts like the one in Mumbai's Bandra Kurla Complex flopped because the lanes were built and forgotten.
So much so that few even recognise these demarcated spaces as bike lanes.
In contrast, Bogota has an amazing 400 km of private bicycle lanes.
In Europe, Munich has 1,200 km of marked bike lanes and 22,000 stands. Close to 20 per cent of the city's traffic is believed to be on bicycles.
More buses: But new generation ones. Bogota has 248 brand new hybrid diesel-electric buses.
China has more than 100,000 electric buses, 20 per cent of the total number of buses. Shenzen saw the largest deployment of electric buses recently.
Move all polluting industries out of the city:There's no choice on this matter, as Pria says. Mexico City didn't just move out the industries but ensured there were better filtration systems introduced into polluting stacks.
Keep expanding the Metro: You can't fault Delhi on this one but other cities have to move faster.
Beijing's Metro railway system went from two lines and 54 km in 2000 to a staggering 18 lines and 527 km by 2014. Yes, there is the China factor.
Take alternative transport arrangements seriously: Delhiites turned up their noses at a Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) network but it's running well in cities like Ahmedabad, and to some extent, Bhopal.
Bogota's BRT network now spreads over 112 km and handles 2.4 million passengers every day.
Beijing's BRT system is spread over four lines and 64 km of roads. But it also has a 395-km bus-only lane.
The use and adoption of BRT needs to be preceded by strong, smart and attractive messaging. Professionals need to run this part.
Strong demand management measures:Highly priced parking for cars is one obvious one, or a variation of congestion pricing.
Cities like Mumbai keep trying it, but nothing that effectively deters car purchases.
Beijing has a lottery system for 20,000 new cars a month. Cities like Singapore have long implemented similar moves.
Fuel management: Reducing sulphur content in diesel is a critical task.
As is the leap towards Euro VI (by 2020) or higher emission standards from the current Euro IV norms.
Laudable as they are, they will take time and cannot be implemented by one city or a set of cities alone.
BS IV fuels contain 50 parts per million (ppm) of sulphur while Euro VI will contain 10 ppm.
Today, India has Euro III norms in most parts of the country and Euro IV in major cities.

The challenges are boundless, but they can surely be resolved if citizens and lawmakers think of putting a better city ahead of better air.
Most major cities in the world, including those in North America, have gone through the suffering, learning and action curve. We have to quickly graduate to action.
kaushikvidit007:
Can you please tell me three? I mean just highlight them to me?
i did
no, you hav written way to much
that isnt me
look down
ohkk
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1)Government should be stricter in law enforcement
2)Awareness should be spread
3) Availablility of waste disposition mechanisms should be ensured
2)Awareness should be spread
3) Availablility of waste disposition mechanisms should be ensured
Explain a BIT?
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