Write about livehood, activities and main source of livelihood of Tribes in nineteenth century and before nineteenth century? plzz give me the answer
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Answer:
A person's livelihood (derived from life-lode, "way of life"; cf. OG lib-leit[1]) refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing) of life". Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span. Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. An individual's livelihood involves the capacity to acquire aforementioned necessities in order to satisfy the basic needs of themselves and their household. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly and in a manner that is sustainable and providing of dignity.[2] For instance, a fisherman's livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish.
The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL)[3][4][5][6] is an attempt to go beyond the conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication.[7]
These had been found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. It is now recognized that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either constrain or enhance poor people’s ability to make a living in an economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable manner.
The SL concept offers a more coherent and integrated approach to poverty. The sustainable livelihoods idea was first introduced by the Brundtland Commission on Environment and Development, and the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development expanded the concept, advocating for the achievement of sustainable livelihoods as a broad goal for poverty eradication.
In 1992 Robert Chambers and Gordon Conway[8] proposed the following composite definition of a sustainable rural livelihood, which is applied most commonly at the household level: "A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term.
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Answer: By the 19th century, tribal people in different parts of India were involved in a variety of activities.
Some Were Jhum Cultivators
Some tribes engaged in jhum (shifting) cultivation.
In this type of cultivation, small patch of land were cleared off trees. The cultivators then burnt the vegetation and spread ash from the firing (which contained potash) to fertilise the soil.
They used equipments like axe and hoe to prepare the soil for cultivation, but they did not plough the land to sow the seeds. Instead, they scattered the seeds on the field.
Once the crops were ready and harvested, they moved to another field.
Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and central India.
Some Where Hunter-Gatherers
Some tribal groups earned their livelihood by hunting animals and gathering forest produce. They saw the forests as essential for their survival.
The Khonds were such a community living in the forests of Orissa. They ate fruits and roots collected from the forest, used many forest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purposes, and sold forest produce such as wood and honey in the local markets.
At times they also exchanged goods, getting what they needed in return for their valuable forest produce.
But a time came when supplies of forest produce shrank, and more and more tribal people left their forests and familiar ways of life to go in search of work and better lives.
Tribal groups needed to buy and sell in the village markets to get the goods that were not produced within their localities, and this led to an unhealthy dependence on traders and moneylenders.
Traders often bought forest produce from the tribals at cheap prices, but sold their goods to the tribals at very high prices. As a result, tribals often ended up taking high-interest loans from moneylenders.
So as far as the tribals were concerned, markets and commerce often meant exploitation, debt, and poverty.
Some Herded Animals
Many tribal groups such as the pastoralists lived by herding and rearing animals, moving around seasonally with their herds of cattle or sheep.
The Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills and the Labadis of Andhra Pradesh were cattle herders, the Gaddis of Kulu were shepherds, and the Bakarwals of Kashmir reared goats.
Some Took to Settled Cultivation
Many tribal groups preferred to settle down instead of moving from one place to another. They began to use the plough to farm the lands, and gradually got rights over the land they lived on.
British officials found settled tribal groups like the Khonds and Santhals to be more civilised than hunter gatherers or shifting cultivators, and those who lived in the forests were often considered to be wild and savage.
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