write about MMR vaccine and BCG vaccine
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The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles).[3] The first dose is generally given to children around 9 to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least 4 weeks between the doses.[4][5] After two doses, 97% of people are protected against measles, 88% against mumps, and at least 97% against rubella.[4] The vaccine is also recommended in those who do not have evidence of immunity,[4] those with well-controlled HIV/AIDS,[6][7] and within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those who are incompletely immunized.[5] It is given by injection.[4]
The MMR vaccine is widely used around the world, with over 500 million doses having been given in over 100 countries as of 2001.[8][9] Measles resulted in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization became common.[9] This has decreased to 122,000 deaths per year as of 2012, mostly in low-income countries.[9] Through vaccination, as of 2018, rates of measles in North and South America are very low.[9] Rates of disease have been seen to increase in populations which go unvaccinated.[9] Between 2000 and 2016, vaccination decreased measles deaths by a further 84%.[10]
Side effects of immunization are generally mild and go away without any specific treatment.[11] These may include fever, and pain or redness at the injection site.[11] Severe allergic reactions occur in about one in a million people.[11] Because it contains live viruses, the MMR vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy, but may be given while breastfeeding.[4] The vaccine is safe to give at the same time as other vaccines.[11] Being recently immunized does not increase the risk of passing measles, mumps, or rubella on to others.[4] Vaccination does not increase the risk of autism.[12][13][14] The MMR vaccine is a mixture of live weakened viruses of the three diseases.[4]
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB).[1] In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible.[1] In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated.[1] Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed may be immunized as well.[1] BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.[1] Additionally it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer.[2][3]
Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to twenty years.[1] Among children it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected it protects half from developing disease.[4] The vaccine is given by injection into the skin.[1] The benefit of additional doses is not supported by evidence.[1]
Serious side effects are rare. Often there is redness, swelling, and mild pain at the site of injection.[1] A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after healing.[1] Side effects are more common and potentially more severe in those with poor immune function.[1] It is not safe for use during pregnancy.[1] The vaccine was originally developed from Mycobacterium bovis, which is commonly found in cows.[1] While it has been weakened, it is still live.[1]
The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[5] As of 2004 the vaccine is given to about 100 million children per year globall
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