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' Odisha in the pre-Ashokan Period of The Kaling War '

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Odisha in the pre-Asokan Period:

The Kaling War of 261 B.C is the sheet anchor of Odisha history. With it begins the dated of Odisha. However, the history of the land can be traced back to a period as early as sixth century B.C. by that time, Aryanisation of northern India had been completed and Odisha appears to have interaction with the north. The Mahabharata mentions that the king of Kalinga was an ally of the Kauravas in the great Mahabharata War. The puranas refer to thirty kings who ruled over Kalinga, though the dates of those king have not fixed with any degree of accuracy. The jaina Tirthakaras such as parswanth and Mahavir, had their influence over Kalinga. According to some scholers, in the eighth century B.C., Kalinga was a ruled by jaina king, named Karakandu. When lord Buddha died at Khusingar, Khema Thera, the Buddhist monk brought his tooth relic and presented the same to Brahamadatta, the king of Kalinga. The jaina and Buddhist works make a number of reference to the kings of Kalinga.

On the basis of the Hatigumpha inscription of king kharavela, the scholars hold the view that in the forth century B.C. Odisha was ruled by the Nanda kings of Magadha. A Nanda king, probably Mahapadmanandha invaded Kalinga and took away the image of jina ( Mahavir ) from its capital and for earning the good will of the concurred country he dug a canal by 345 B.C. The Magadan rule over Kalinga appears to have ended before the coming of Chandra Gupta, the founder of the Mauryan dynasty, to power. Magasthenes, the Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya, mention and independent and powerful kingdom, says the Greek ambassador, had a Powerful elephant force which was dreaded by the other kingdoms. In rock edict XIII it is mentioned that Ashoka, the grand son of Chandragupta invaded the conquered country of Kalinga. R.K Mookerji holds the view that the Nandas had conquered a small northern part of Kalinga and that Ashoka conquered " a considerable part of Kalinga " that lay to the south" i.e, the territory which entended from the " south of Cuttuck to the vicinity of Madras across the Godavari".