Write about structural modification of mudskipper (300 words)
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in fishes. Hyperglycemia induced by cortisol or catecholamines is observed as a general response to environmental stressors in fishes [87] . Mudskippers ( Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, Periophthalmus modestus ) and worm-eel gobies ( Odontamblyopus rubicundus ; Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) are found very capable to accumulate PCBs in their tissues. Further monitored the environmental levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its isomers (DDTs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD and DDE, respectively), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCBs in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris ) [82] . Wong et al . [88] found mudskippers highly contaminated with DDTs and HCB and PAHs. Further Wong et al . [89] measured the concentrations of several organochlorine et al insecticides (DDTs, HCHs, HCB and 11 cyclodiene insecticides) in Boleophthalmus boddaerti . A significant correlation was reported between mudskippers and enzotriazole UV stabilizers in the sediments [90] . Concentrations of PAHs, alkylphenols, and organotin compounds were measured in mudskipper Periophthalmus modestus and Acanthogobius flavimanus [91, 92] . Studies on growth and morphology of barred mudskippers ( Periophthalmus argentilineatus ) suggest its possible use bioindicator of coastal pollution due to urban and industrial wastes. Habitat, growth and developmental parameters of mudskippers have a direct correlation with coastal pollution [93] . Mitomycin-C (MMC) and heavy metals like Hg, Se, Cr causes mutagenesis in mitotic chromosomes in gill cells of Boleophthalmus dussumieri [94] . Gadhia et al . [95] extended the same observations by investigating the effects of antineoplastic antibiotics Bleomycin and Doxorubicin on the gills of Boleophthalmus dussumieri. DNA breaks when mudskipper exposed to benzo[a]pyrene [], which is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and reported as strong carcinogenic compound [96] . The mudskippers are very sensitive to coastal environmental factors and always in direct contact with various pollutants directly discharged untreated into coastal waters produced as result of industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. Due to their natural abundance, considerable resistance to highly polluted habitats and benthic habits, mudskippers are used to study the coastal pollution. The mudskippers showed a very high potential for bioaccumulation of different types of pollutants from coastal waters and are very important for biomonitoring the coastal ecosystems. The mudskippers are frequently used to develop new scientific methodologies in the field of ecotoxicology , Studies consisted of dose- and duration-dependent experiments on mudskippers at the organismal and sub-organismal levels have been done especially on the ecotoxicology of heavy metals in coastal waters . But recent studies are conducted on stress responses and propagation through food webs at the supra-organismal level, with special reference to ecotoxicology of hydrophobic organic compounds . The pioneer work on ecotoxicology of mudskippers was conducted in the 1970s by, when they determined heavy metal concentration in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and some other organisms in the Ariake Sea (Japan). Then only, the ecotoxicological investigation has been started on mudskippers by various workers to use them in biomonitoring the coastal pollution as a result of anthropogenic activities . The mudskippers are very sensitive to coastal environmental factors and always in direct contact with various pollutants directly discharged untreated into coastal waters produced as result of industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. Due to their natural abundance, considerable resistance to highly polluted habitats and benthic habits, mudskippers are used to study the coastal pollution . The mudskippers showed a very high potential for bioaccumulation of different types of pollutants from coastal waters and are very important for biomonitoring the coastal ecosystems. The mudskippers are frequently used to develop new scientific methodologies in the field of ecotoxicology. Studies consisted of dose- and duration-dependent experiments on mudskippers at the organismal and sub-organismal levels have been done especially on the ecotoxicology of heavy metals in coastal waters (Table 2). But recent studies are conducted on stress responses and propagation through food webs at the supra- organismal level, with special reference to ecotoxicology of hydrophobic organic compounds