Write about the Covid-19 In 300-350 words
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[9] It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has resulted in an ongoing pandemic.[10][11] The first case may be traced back to 17 November 2019.[12] As of 16 June 2020, more than 8.03 million cases have been reported across 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 436,000 deaths. More than 3.87 million people have recovered.[8]
Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of smell and taste.[5][6][13] While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) possibly precipitated by cytokine storm,[14] multi-organ failure, septic shock, and blood clots.[15][16][17] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days, but may range from two to fourteen days.[5][18]
The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact,[a] most often via small droplets produced by coughing,[b] sneezing, and talking.[6][19][21] The droplets usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than travelling through air over long distances.[6] Less commonly, people may become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their face.[6][19] It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread is possible before symptoms appear, and from people who do not show symptoms.[6][19] The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.[22] Chest CT imaging may also be helpful for diagnosis in individuals where there is a high suspicion of infection based on symptoms and risk factors; however, guidelines do not recommend using CT imaging for routine screening.[23][24]
Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, maintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms), quarantine (especially for those with symptoms), covering coughs, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face.[7][25][26] The use of cloth face coverings such as a scarf or a bandana has been recommended by health officials in public settings to minimise the risk of transmissions, with some authorities requiring their use.[27][28] Health officials also stated that medical-grade face masks, such as N95 masks, should only be used by healthcare workers, first responders, and those who directly care for infected individuals.[29][30]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are no vaccines nor specific antiviral treatments for COVID-19.[6] Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.[31] The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID‑19 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)[32][33] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[11] Local transmission of the disease has occurred in most countries across all six WHO regions.[34]
COVID-19 spreads primarily when people are in close contact and one person inhales small droplets produced by an infected person (symptomatic or not) coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing.[21][66] The WHO recommends 1 metre (3 ft) of social distance;[6] the U.S. CDC recommends 2 metres (6 ft).[19] People can transmit the virus without showing symptoms, but it is unclear how often this happens.[6][19][21] One estimate of the number of those infected who are asymptomatic is 40%.[67]
People are most infectious when they show symptoms (even mild or non-specific symptoms), but may be infectious for up to two days before symptoms appear (pre-symptomatic transmission).[21] They remain infectious an estimated seven to twelve days in moderate cases and an average of two weeks in severe cases.[21]
When the contaminated droplets fall to floors or surfaces they can, though less commonly, remain infectious if people touch contaminated surfaces and then their eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.[6] On surfaces the amount of active virus decreases over time until it can no longer cause infection,[21] and surfaces are thought not to be the main way the virus spreads.[19] It is unknown what amount of virus on surfaces is required to cause infection via this method, but it can be detected for up to four hours on copper, up to one day on cardboard, and up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304).[21][68][69] Surfaces are easily decontaminated with household disinfectants which kill the virus outside the human body or on the hands.[6] Disinfectants or bleach are not a treatment for COVID‑19, and cause health problems when not used properly, such as when used inside the human body.[70]
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