Question

Write an Article of 100 words for the topic-Rise and Fall of Maratha Empire in India.

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Answer 1

The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a power that dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India Company. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for annexing many territories of the Mughal Empire.

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Answer 2

From 1674 with Shivaji 's coronation as Chhatrapati, the Maratha dynasty was formally created and in 1818 when the British East India Community defeated Peshwa Bajirao II, the empire ended.

Explanation:

• Chhatrapati Shivaji was one of Maratha 's influential kings. It was why the Maratha empire in the 17th century became prominent. With Raigad as his capital he built his own kingdom.
• Shivaji set up a very systemic, progressive civil rule and well-structured management. The use of Marathi & Sanskrit in the Kingdom had been also encouraged. His religious policies were tolerant and liberal. Hindus were relieved under the Hindu rulers of their religion, but they still allowed Muslims to practice their faith without cultural barriers. In his army, he had also many prominent Muslims. In 1657 or 1659 he also built his navy to control the Konkan coast. His strong religious and guerrilla code of ethics and exceptional character made him well-known. During the Indian Independence Movement he was also recognized as a big national hero.
• After Shivaji, the ruler was his elder son Sambhaji. After Sambhaji 's death (who was captured by "Aurangzeb's forces" in Deccan and executed). Shivaji's second son Shahu was taken prisoner by Aurangazeb. Then, Rajaram, Sambhaji's half-brother, ascended the throne. . In 1700 Rajaram passed away, and Tarabai, his wife took, over on behalf of her son, who was considered Shivaji-2.
• Shahu, was released shortly after Aurangzeb 's death in 1707, by a new mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah-1. Shahu rose to the Maratha throne and defied his aunt Tarabai shortly after the release.
• In 1713 Shahu appointed "Balaji Vishwanath" as the Peshwa. The Peshwa managed to get Shahu as Shivaji 's legitimate successor. The "Lonavla Treaty" in 1714, with Kanhoji Angre, was his major accomplishment. Baji Rao was nominated Peshwa after Baji Vishwanath 's death in 1720.
• Baji Rao was credited for the expansion of the empire nearly 10 times. He fought as many as 41 battles and had never lost even one. Both Baji Rao-1 and "Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah-1", Hyderabad fought the battle of Palkhed. Maratha's successful strategy beat Nizam in the battle.
• After the death of Baji Rao in April 1740,  in spite of opposition by other heads such as Raghoji I Bhonsle, Chhatrapati,  Shahu appointed 19-year old Balaji to be Peshwa. In 1761-62, after Balaji Bajirao , Madharao Balaji became Peshwa and ruled until 1772, that is till his untimely death.
• Under the reign of Madhavrao the Kingdom of the Maratha consolidated from its defeat during the Third Battle of Panipat. He is one of the largest peshwas in the history of Maratha.
• Peshwas began to conquer Karnataka in February 1762. That was one of the earliest wars between Madhavrao and his uncle Raghunathrao against Nizam. Because of differences of view, Raghunathrao decided to leave the military at midway point and return to Pune, while Madhavrao continued. On August 22, 1762, Raghunathrao fled to Vadgaon Maval, to start to wield his own army. The disagreement between Madhavrao and Raghunathrae went on to grow.
• The rulers of Maratha encouraged farming and protected the villagers. Under Raghunath Rao, Delhi was captured in 1757. Peshawar was also captured. By 1760, Maratha 's strength became strong with the Nizam 's defeat.
• After the death of Madhavrao Peshwa, his Brother Narayanrao became a Pesthwa (Ruler) of the Marathan Empire in 1772 . In August 1773, Narayanrao was murdered and "Madhav Rao Narayan" his son suceeded him.
• Raghunath Rao tried to capture power, and hence sought support in Bombay from the UK and on 6 March 1775 and signed the Surat Treaty. Under the Treaty, the territories of Salsette and Bassein were handed over by Raghunathrao to the British with the share of revenue from the districts of Surat and Bharuch. In exchange, the British promised to offer 2,500 soldiers to Raghunathrao.  This led to the 1st Anglo- Maratha war.
• Madhav Rao died in the year 1794. "Baji Rao II", son of Raghunath Rao succeeded Madhav Rao. The empire then was ruled by the statesman and various members in some areas as districts. "Peshwas from Pune", "Gaekwads from Baroda", "Holkars of Indore", "Bhonsale from Nagpur", "Puars from Dewas and Dhar", and  the "Scindia's Gwalior and Ujjain" were the semi-Autonomous Marathah states of Pune
• One reason for the downfall of Maratha empire was the above structure which was confederacy  in nature where power was shared amongst the sardars & chiefs
• In 1779, Yashwant Rao Holkar took Ujjain, who was defiant against the Peshwa Baji rao2 policies. With the British he made a treaty. In the result, Marathas surrendered their independence during the Third Anglo-Marathan War (1817-1818).
• Peshwa was dethroned & pensioned off while other Maratha states had remained as "subsidiary states". Bithoor& Pune was directly controlled by the British. Gwalior, Indore and Nagpur also lost their territories to British control.