Write an article on 'Agricultural crisis and the need to try innovative techniques' in 200 words.
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Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock.[1] Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago. Pigs, sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first.
Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased yields, while causing widespread ecological and environmental damage. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. Environmental issues include contributions to global warming, depletion of aquifers, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, and growth hormones in industrial meat production. Genetically modified organisms are widely used, although some are banned in certain countries.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels and raw materials (such as rubber). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meat, milk, fungi and eggs. Over one-third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the service sector, although the number of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the centuries.
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Developments stated above have impacted many countries in the world including Turkey. The use of technology in world economies is a determining factor in competition and affects the agricultural industry as well. Therefore, technology not only produces major results in growth and employment in agriculture but especially in rural development and lowering poverty. Additionally, sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural production have been major questions awaiting answers.
Innovation is a major instrument in social and economic development; especially, eco-friendly innovation stimulates not only production but an efficient use of natural resources as well. As a result of changing economic, political, and ecological conditions in the world, innovations now enable higher value in unprocessed raw material within a chain; processing, packaging, storage, delivery, and distribution of food after production and food safety. Consequently, use of technology in agriculture accelerates growth and development with effective production through said processes. The ultimate impact of technology use and innovation can be achieved in decreasing poverty through rural development.
Considering Turkey’s performance in innovation in recent years, the output is not at a desirable rate despite improved momentum in the last few years. Both in terms of R&D and in scope, innovation has not created influence in the wider society. The main responsibility of the public sector in Turkey is to build the infrastructure for innovation to thrive upon, lay the financial and legal groundwork and especially corporate structure to encourage innovation and to support innovation economically with incentives. Turkey also needs detailed research into the agricultural industry and innovation capacity and practices. In particular, the identification of conditions under which farmers prefer innovation and the analysis of innovative farmer profiles will contribute to the success of policies to be adopted.
A mental framework must be developed for innovation, especially for the use of technology. Both in terms of R&D and scope; the users, i.e. farmers, must clearly understand how the development of and implementation of innovation will bear potential contributions in Turkish agriculture. R&D’s goal must not be limited to a certain percentage of budget allocation or figures to be achieved. It must be well appreciated that the contributions of science to the society are among the most important preconditions to sustain agricultural production in Turkey.
Increasing productivity in agriculture, boosting the income of farmers which is a main goal of the industry, as well as reducing poverty and developing rural areas are not unattainable goals. Revenue growth among small farmers as well as corporate companies in Turkey’s agricultural industry and food chain will translate into a considerable growth in social welfare in the country. Detailed and comprehensive analyses and plans are needed to boost productivity and reduce poverty in rural areas with development. Considering the efficient use of natural resources, food security, and the effects of climate change, taking action in no time becomes imperative.