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What is the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It’s located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland.
While it’s very small, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions, including:
releasing hormones
regulating body temperature
maintaining daily physiological cycles
controlling appetite
managing of sexual behavior
regulating emotional response
Hypothalamus diagram
Conditions
Symptoms
Heath tips
What is the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It’s located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland.
While it’s very small, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions, including:
releasing hormones
regulating body temperature
maintaining daily physiological cycles
controlling appetite
managing of sexual behavior
regulating emotional responses
Anatomy and function
The hypothalamus has three main region.
Anterior region
This area is also called the supraoptic region. Its major nuclei include the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. There are several other smaller nuclei in the anterior region as well.
The nuclei in the anterior region are largely involved in the secretion of various hormones. Many of these hormones interact with the nearby pituitary gland to produce additional hormones.
Some of the most important hormones produced in the anterior region include:
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH is involved in the body’s response to both physical and emotional stress. It signals the pituitary gland to produce a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH triggers the production of cortisol, an important stress hormone.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH production causes the pituitary gland to produce important reproductive hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Somatostatin. Somatostatin works to stop the pituitary gland from releasing certain hormones, including growth hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormones.
The anterior region of the hypothalamus also helps regulate body temperature through sweat. It also maintains circadian rhythms. These are physical and behavioral changes that occur on a daily cycle. For example, being awake during the day and sleeping at nighttime is a circadian rhythm related to the presence or absence of light.
Middle region
This area is also called the tuberal region. Its major nuclei are the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei.
The ventromedial nucleus helps control appetite, while the arcuate nucleus is involved in releasing growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). GHRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce growth hormone. This is responsible for the growth and development of the body.
Posterior region
This area is also called the mammillary region. The posterior hypothalamic nucleus and mammillary nuclei are its main nuclei.
The posterior hypothalamic nucleus helps regulate body temperature by causing shivering and blocking sweat production.
The role of the mammillary nuclei is less clear. Doctors believe it’s involved in memory function.
Hypothalamus diagram
Use this interactive 3-D diagram to explore the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus conditions
When the hypothalamus doesn’t work properly, it’s called hypothalamic dysfunction.
Several things can cause hypothalamic dysfunction, including:
head injuries
certain genetic disorders, such as growth hormone deficiency
birth defects involving the brain or hypothalamus
tumors in or around the hypothalamus
eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia
autoimmune conditions
surgery involving the brain
Hypothalamic dysfunction plays a role in many conditions, including:
Diabetes insipidus. If the hypothalamus doesn’t produce and release enough vasopressin, the kidneys can remove too much water. This causes increased urination and thirst. Unlike people with diabetes mellitus, people with diabetes insipidus have stable blood sugar levels.
Prader-Willi syndrome. This is a rare, inherited disorder. It causes the hypothalamus to not register when someone is full after eating. People with Prader-Willi syndrome have a constant urge to eat, increasing their risk of obesity. Additional symptoms include a slower metabolism and decreased muscle.
Hypopituitarism. This disorder happens when the pituitary gland doesn’t produce enough hormones.
Some symptoms that could signal a hypothalamus problem include:
unusually high or low blood pressure
body temperature fluctuations
unexplained weight gain or loss
changes in appetite
insomnia
infertility
short stature
delayed onset of puberty
dehydration
frequent urination
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