Question

write an essay based on the British rules in about 150-200 words​

Answer 1

Answer:

Throughout the 18th and 19th century, momentous of episodes have taken place in the world. One of such episode can be said to be the industrial revolution which started in England and then eventually spreads itself around to other countries in Europe (Chauhan 1989: 109). Another information which is to be mentioned is the discovery of the sea and trade routes by a Portuguese in which it included a sea route to India and as a result of that many nations from Europe came to India for trade. Through which as it is often said that it was the beginning of modern period in Indian history. Before we go further in to the economic impact British had in India, we shall first have a glimpsed of how it began in other words its background. It was in 1579 when a letter was written by a fellow English man by the name Thomas Stevens, in which he managed to motivate four of London’s traders to travel to India (Chatterjee 1998: 11). The main purpose was because of the industrial revolution where by Britain needed more raw materials for its factories and also a location where they could sell all their valuable goods. A struggle of power occurred in India in the 18th century. Where by the Mughal Empire was declining in forces, which gave the British the precise advantage to take over the Indian colony (Chatterjee 1998: 13). The colonization of India by the British was more towards a business point of view than that of other colonial powers. Its own motivation was more on economics and not pious.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Throughout the 18th and 19th century, momentous of episodes have taken place in the world. One of such episode can be said to be the industrial revolution which started in England and then eventually spreads itself around to other countries in Europe (Chauhan 1989: 109). Another information which is to be mentioned is the discovery of the sea and trade routes by a Portuguese in which it included a sea route to India and as a result of that many nations from Europe came to India for trade. Through which as it is often said that it was the beginning of modern period in Indian history. Before we go further in to the economic impact British had in India, we shall first have a glimpsed of how it began in other words its background. It was in 1579 when a letter was written by a fellow English man by the name Thomas Stevens, in which he managed to motivate four of London’s traders to travel to India (Chatterjee 1998: 11). The main purpose was because of the industrial revolution where by Britain needed more raw materials for its factories and also a location where they could sell all their valuable goods. A struggle of power occurred in India in the 18th century. Where by the Mughal Empire was declining in forces, which gave the British the precise advantage to take over the Indian colony (Chatterjee 1998: 13). The colonization of India by the British was more towards a business point of view than that of other colonial powers. Its own motivation was more on economics and not pious (Coupland, 1941:3).

The British also developed political interest to push in their monopoly of trade and commerce and initiated the process of expanding their political power in Bengal by the victory in the battle of Plassey and obtained the power of Diwani by the victory of Buxar through the treaty of Allahabad of 1765.

From then on till 1857, the British East India Company through wars, diplomacy and administrative measures made it a policy to obtain more and more of economic benefits by fleecing the Indian farmer, artisan and small and medium traders. This process is called colonialism and India became a colony of the British.

This colonialism bled the Indians and made India a de-industrialized power. In this span of seventy-five years from 1772 to 1857, the process and pattern of colonialism underwent different stages because the Charter Act of 1813 made by the British Parliament and Crown abolished the monopoly of the British East India Company and opened the gates of trade and commerce to every British citizen.

Further, by Charter Act of 1833, the Governor General of Bengal became the Governor General of India with control over the presidencies of Bombay and Madras and the British citizens were permitted to own property in India and thereby we come across British landlords and planters of tea, coffee, indigo and cotton and also British capitalists investing surplus capital in Colonial India. Both these measures hastened the process of draining of the wealth of India by the colonialists with their colonial policies.

Along with the colonialist measures, the British intro­duced ideology of mercantilism, orientalism, evangelicalism, utilitarianism and liberalism to justify their colonialist policies in India. In the name of ‘improve­ment’, ‘progress’ and ‘Whiteman’s burden’ the British administrators made it their avowed objective to introduce British laws and revenue measures into India. Added to the above ideological and philosophical tenets, the modern­ization process of Dalhousie also acted as the last straw on the camel’s back, and the substance of colonialism remained the same throughout the period of seventy-five years.

The major factor of difference to be noticed is that the British East India Company replaced the old Indian administrative policies and introduced their system of law, justice, education, revenue and intellectual and social theories, in India. All these changes created a new value system. We also notice an evolution of the colonial administrative apparatus as per the reforms introduced by the earliest regulating Act of 1773 and ending with the Government of India Act of 1858.

The regulating Act of 1773 introduced provisions for the effective super­vision of the executive of the company. It introduced changes in the constitution of the Court of directors of the company and the company affairs were put under the control of the government.

The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor General of Bengal and a council with four members was constituted. The Governor General and council was given authority to supervise the presidencies of Bombay and Madras and the presidencies were brought under the control of Governor General in the council of Bengal. This Act provided for a Supreme Court of justice at Calcutta to take care of the justice of Europeans, employees and citizens of Calcutta.