write an essay on the topic covid 19 pandemic
Answers
Explanation:
The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since World War Two. Since its emergence in Asia late last year, the virus has spread to every continent except Antarctica.
We have now reached the tragic milestone of one million deaths, and the human family is suffering under an almost intolerable burden of loss.
“The climbing death toll is staggering, and we must work together to slow the spread of this virus.” - UNDP Administrator Achim Steiner.
But the pandemic is much more than a health crisis, it's also an unprecedented socio-economic crisis. Stressing every one of the countries it touches, it has the potential to create devastating social, economic and political effects that will leave deep and longstanding scars. UNDP is the technical lead in the UN’s socio-economic recovery, alongside the health response, led by WHO, and the Global Humanitarian Response Plan, and working under the leadership of the UN Resident Coordinators.
Every day, people are losing jobs and income, with no way of knowing when normality will return. Small island nations, heavily dependent on tourism, have empty hotels and deserted beaches. The International Labour Organization estimates that 400 million jobs could be lost.
The World Bank projects a US$110 billion decline in remittances this year, which could mean 800 million people will not be able to meet their basic needs.
Answer:
What is a corona virus?
Corona viruses are a large family of enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that circulate among animals including camels, cats, and bats. Corona viruses derive their name from their electron microscopic image, which resembles a crown – or corona .
Six strains of corona virus have infected humans, four of which are together responsible for about one-third of common colds. In the past two decades, there have been three global corona virus outbreaks (1). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), caused by a corona virus termed SARS, started in 2003 in Guangdong, China, and spread to many countries in southeast Asia, North America, Europe, and South Africa. Bats are the natural hosts of SARS its intermediate hosts are palm civets and raccoon dogs. Early cases of SARS were linked to human and animal contact at live game markets. Transmission occurred person-to-person through droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, via personal contact, and by touching contaminated surfaces. In SARS, peak viral shedding occurs approximately 10 days after the onset of illness, when many patients are hospital which explains why health care professionals have a particularly high risk of becoming infected. SARS- has a of 4, meaning that each infected person spreads the disease to an average of four others, and a case fatality rate of 9.5 percent. Although the virus infected 8,069 persons and caused 774 deaths, the last known case of SARS was detected in September 2003.
Nine years later, MERS-– which causes Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – emerged in Saudi Arabia. MERS is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission from camels and limited episodes of person-to-person transmission. Explosive nosocomial transmission has been linked to single super-spreaders of infection. Almost all cases have been linked to people in or near the Arabian Peninsula.
Six strains of corona have infected humans, four of which are together responsible for about one-third of common colds.
The symptoms of MERS are nonspecific, but many patients develop atypical pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress. Up to 80 percent of patients with MERS require mechanical ventilation. Additionally, patients often have prominent gastrointestinal symptoms and acute kidney failure. This constellation of symptoms is due to the binding of the MERS- glycoprotein to dil peptidase 4, which is present in the lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.
Like SARS, health professionals are at high risk of contracting MERS. The disease is still circulating and, to date, has infected approximately 2,500 people and caused 850 deaths. The main factor that controls the spread of MERS- is its very low of 1. However, the case fatality rate is very high at 35 percent.
What is SARS--2?
On December 30, 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology was observed in Wuhan, China, and reported to the World Health (WHO)’s China bureau in Beijing. By January 2, 2020, the full genome of a new corona virus (SARS-C2) had been sequenced by Shi a corona virus expert at the Wuhan Institute of Virology; just over a week later, the sequence had been published and the Chinese National Health Commission warned of its potential danger. The virus was initially referred to as “novel corona virus 2019” (2019-nby the WHO – but, on February 11, 2020, was given the official name of SARS--2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2).
SARS- is a beta coronavirus (an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus) that shares 79 percent of its genetic sequence with SARS- and has 96 percent homology with the corona virus strain in bats. However, unlike bat corona SARS- has a spike protein optimized for high-affinity binding to human receptors and a functional polybasic cleavage site at the junction of the spike protein’s S1 and S2 subunits (a feature that enhances spike protein cleavage and increases viral infectivity).
The contains four structural proteins (spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) and single-stranded RNA .
The RNA genome consists of 29,903 nucleotides – larger than most other RNA viruses. One-third of the genome consists of genes for the four structural proteins and eight genes for accessory proteins that inhibit host defenses. Most of the remainder of the genome consists of the replicase gene, which encodes two large poly proteins that are cleaved into 16 nonstructural proteins that assist in replicating and proofreading the viral genome .
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