Question

Write an essay that explains and discusses the biological and cultural evolution of modern humans. Discuss the significant biological, sociocultural, and economic developments that happened from the time of the hominids, up to the appearance of the Homo sapiens sapiens.

Answer 1

Answer:

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Explanation:

Many biologists and social scientists have noted that with the development of human culture, the biological evolution of Homo sapiens was usurped by socio-cultural evolution. The construction of artificial environments and social structures created new criteria for selection, and biological fitness was replaced by ‘cultural fitness', which is often different for different cultures and is generally not measured by the number of offspring. Moreover, the mechanism of socio-cultural evolution is different from the model of biological evolution that was proposed by Charles Darwin (1809–1882), and refined by many others. In essence, socio-cultural evolution is ‘Lamarckian' in nature—it is an example of acquired inheritance, as described by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)—because humans are able to pass on cultural achievements to the next generation.

Yet, the idea that cultural fitness has replaced biological fitness does not fully take into account the thousands of years of human biological evolution that occurred long before socio-cultural evolution, in its strictest sense, took its course. Modern Homo sapiens first appeared about 200,000 years ago; however, socio-cultural evolution only began about 10,000 years ago, when early hunter–gatherer societies began to change their simple forms of segmentary social differentiation during the so-called Neolithic revolution, which was mainly caused by the invention of agriculture and cattle breeding. In mathematical terms, one could say that human biological evolution created an attractor: a stable state impervious to change. Various mathematical models of biological evolution, namely the genetic algorithm (Holland, 1975), show that the generation of such an attractor is the usual result of evolutionary processes (Klüver, 2000). Nevertheless, socio-cultural evolution did not end biological evolution; in fact, for most of the time that Homo sapiens has existed, socio-cultural evolution has been so slow that it could not have affected biological evolution. Here, I attempt to explain why modern humans existed long before socio-cultural evolution really began.

Answer 2

Explanation:

• Understanding the violence, hostility, and terror present in our society now can be gleaned from research on the evolution of the human species.
• As social, empathic, cooperative, and altruistic organisms that thrive in small groups with shared identities, humans have developed.
• Homo erectus, which means "upright man" in Latin, is most likely the most recent common ancestor of modern humans, who most likely descended from Africa within the last 200,000 years.
• An extinct species of hominin that existed between 1.9 million and 135,000 years ago is known as homo erectus.
• Kimura and Goodenough showed that biological evolution accelerates the emergence of new species by promoting the genetic isolation of small populations.
• Contrarily, cultural development erased disparities between related species and brought them together.
• We have made tremendous progress in our understanding of the impacts of nonrandom mating thanks to the cultural evolutionary theory, which has shown that the dynamics and transmission of cultural traits can be affected by both phenotypic and environmental assorting.

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